ABSTRACT

Choking under pressure describes suboptimal sport performance in stressful situations, which has led to two fundamental ‘choking’ models: distraction and self-focus. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of empirical studies that have tested interventions used to alleviate choking. The systematic review includes 47 empirical studies published up to April 2017, including experimental, quasi-experimental, and single-case studies with athletes. These studies encompassed a variety of interventions (n = 13) that were either distraction based or self-focus based. In addition, a third group – acclimatisation interventions – was identified. The results indicate that, in general, choking interventions based on both choking models and on acclimatisation provide a benefit to performance under pressure. The most reported effective interventions were pre-performance routines, quiet eye training, left-hand contractions, and acclimatisation training. The use of dual task was beneficial for performance under pressure but harmful when used in training. Mixed evidence was found for analogy learning, and null effects were reported for goal setting, neurofeedback training, and reappraisal cues. These results may help athletes and coaches select and implement effective strategies and methods to improve performance under pressure.

摘要

压力下的窒息描述了在压力情况下运动表现欠佳的情况，这导致了两种基本的“窒息”模型：分散注意力和自我专注。这篇综述的目的是提供经验研究的概述，该经验研究已经测试了用于缓解窒息的干预措施。该系统评价包括截至2017年4月的47项实证研究，包括针对运动员的实验性研究，准实验性研究和单案例研究。这些研究涵盖了各种干预措施（ñ = 13）基于注意力分散或基于自我聚焦。此外，确定了第三组-适应干预措施。结果表明，总的来说，基于窒息模型和适应环境的窒息干预措施都有助于提高压力下的表现。报道最多的有效干预措施是表演前常规，安静的眼睛训练，左手收缩和适应训练。双重任务的使用有利于承受压力，但在训练中使用时有害。对于类比学习，发现了混合的证据，并且对于目标设定，神经反馈训练和重新评估提示，无效的报道也有所报道。这些结果可以帮助运动员和教练选择并实施有效的策略和方法，以提高压力下的表现。