Helminth and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) coinfection is common and suggested to influence the risk of developing active tuberculosis (TB). It is known that helminths in contrast to TB induce a strong Th2 response in the host. However, the direct impact of helminth antigen exposure on host immunity against TB is largely unknown. Our aim was to explore the effects of helminth antigen exposure on the early immune control of Mtb in monocytes and macrophages. Ascaris lumbricoides (ASC) and Schistosoma mansoni (SM) protein antigens were used to study the immediate effect of helminth antigen exposure in monocytes, on monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation, or mature macrophages, in the control of virulent Mtb H37Rv. Pre-exposure of peripheral blood mononuclear cells reduced Mtb growth in monocytes, especially with SM, but no Th1/Th2 cytokines or activation markers indicated involvement of T cells. Monocytes exposed before maturing into macrophages reduced Mtb growth in macrophages (ASC), and pre-exposure of mature macrophages reduced (ASC) or kept Mtb growth at control levels (SM). This in vitro model shows how helminth infection directly affects the monocyte-macrophage axis at an early stage before cell-mediated immunity develops. During acute helminth coinfection or when helminth antigen concentration is elevated at the site of Mtb infection, these helminths provide an enhanced control and killing of Mtb owing to the direct stimulatory effect of helminth antigens on phagocytic cells.
J Innate Immun

中文翻译：

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蠕虫抗原暴露增强了单核细胞和巨噬细胞中结核分枝杆菌的早期免疫控制

蠕虫和结核分枝杆菌(Mtb) 共感染很常见，并建议影响发展为活动性结核病 (TB) 的风险。众所周知，与 TB 相比，蠕虫会在宿主中诱导强烈的 Th2 反应。然而，蠕虫抗原暴露对宿主抗结核免疫的直接影响在很大程度上是未知的。我们的目的是探索蠕虫抗原暴露对单核细胞和巨噬细胞中 Mtb 早期免疫控制的影响。蛔虫(ASC) 和曼氏血吸虫(SM) 蛋白抗原用于研究单核细胞中蠕虫抗原暴露对单核细胞到巨噬细胞分化或成熟巨噬细胞的直接影响，以控制毒性 Mtb H37Rv。外周血单核细胞的预暴露降低了单核细胞中 Mtb 的生长，尤其是 SM，但没有 Th1/Th2 细胞因子或激活标志物表明 T 细胞的参与。在成熟为巨噬细胞之前暴露的单核细胞减少了巨噬细胞 (ASC) 中 Mtb 的生长，并且成熟巨噬细胞的预暴露减少了 (ASC) 或将 Mtb 的生长保持在控制水平 (SM)。这个体外模型显示了蠕虫感染如何在细胞介导的免疫发展之前的早期直接影响单核细胞-巨噬细胞轴。在急性蠕虫合并感染期间或当 Mtb 感染部位的蠕虫抗原浓度升高时，
J先天免疫