Groundwater is the main source of water in the study area (Rupnagar District, Punjab), and its quality is essential since it is the primary determinant of the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes. In this study, data from 28 years have been used to evaluate the adequacy of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes and assess the potential human health impacts of nitrate contaminants. Results of sodium adsorption ratio, percentage sodium, magnesium hazard ratio, Kelley ratio, and residual sodium carbonate illustrate that most of the sampling locations were suitable for irrigational purposes and drinking water quality of the region mostly belonged to the ‘good’ class. The maximum nitrate concentration was observed in the northern and north-east parts of the area. Among the three age groups, children > female > male was found to be more prone to health risks with oral ingestion of nitrate. Uncertainties in the risk estimates were quantified using Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analyses. Thus, a proper management plan should be adopted by the decision-makers to improve the quality of drinking water in this area to avoid major health problems in the near future.

地下水是研究区域（旁遮普邦的鲁珀纳加尔地区）的主要水源，其质量至关重要，因为它是地下水是否适合饮用和灌溉的主要决定因素。在这项研究中，使用了28年的数据来评估地下水用于家庭和灌溉目的的充足性，并评估硝酸盐污染物对人类健康的潜在影响。钠的吸附率，钠的百分比，镁的危害率，Kelley率和残留的碳酸钠的结果表明，大多数采样位置都适合灌溉目的，该地区的饮用水水质大多属于“好”类别。在该地区的北部和东北部观察到最大的硝酸盐浓度。在这三个年龄段中，儿童>女性> 男性被发现口服硝酸盐对健康的危害更大。使用蒙特卡洛模拟和敏感性分析来量化风险估计中的不确定性。因此，决策者应采取适当的管理计划，以改善该地区的饮用水质量，以避免在不久的将来出现重大健康问题。