ABSTRACT

The pioneering works of E. Rutherford related to radioactivity and nuclear science were contributions to physics, but they also had important implications for chemistry. Thus, in his early study of the ‘emanation’ liberated from thorium and radium Rutherford showed that it was a new element (radon). His theory of radioactive decay sounded the death knell over the old chemical dogma of the immutability of atoms. Likewise, the discovery of the nuclear atom in 1911 led to a new understanding of the periodic system soon developed by N. Bohr, H. Moseley and others. The first artificial transmutation of an element in 1919 was later followed by proton- and deuteron-induced transformations from which Rutherford suggested the existence of mass-3 isotopes of hydrogen and helium. In addition, he was the first to suggest that the still hypothetical neutron might be used as a projectile in nuclear reactions.

摘要

E. Rutherford 在放射性和核科学方面的开创性工作是对物理学的贡献，但它们也对化学具有重要意义。因此，在他对从钍和镭中释放出来的“放射”的早期研究中，卢瑟福表明它是一种新元素（氡）。他的放射性衰变理论敲响了原子不变性的旧化学教条的丧钟。同样，1911 年核原子的发现使 N. Bohr、H. Moseley 和其他人很快对周期系统有了新的认识。1919 年元素的第一次人工嬗变随后是质子和氘核诱导的转变，卢瑟福由此提出了氢和氦的质量 3 同位素的存在。此外，