Internal feeding is considered to shield sessile herbivorous insects from exposure to nonsystemic insecticides aerially sprayed against forest defoliators, although this has not been tested. It is, however, established that leaf damage caused by defoliators affects the survivorship and oviposition behavior of sessile herbivores. Thus feeding ecology and competition may mediate nontarget effects of insecticides on these insects. We tested the ecological sensitivity of 3 guilds of sessile herbivores (upper‐surface leaf‐miners, lower‐surface leaf‐miners, and gall‐inducers) to the lipophilic larvicides diflubenzuron and tebufenozide aerially applied either at operational rates (12 g active ingredient [a.i.]/ha and 69.6 g [a.i.]/ha, respectively) or at maximum legal rates (60 g [a.i.]/ha and 180 g [a.i.]/ha, respectively), in German oak forests. Diflubenzuron affected leaf‐miners at different life stages depending on their position on the leaf but had no effect on gall‐inducers. Tebufenozide showed a similar, but not significant, pattern in leaf‐miners and did not affect gall‐inducers. By reducing the incidence of chewing damage on leaves, both insecticides offset the negative effect of competition on leaf‐miner and gall‐inducers. The net outcome of insecticide treatment was positive for guilds avoiding exposure, but negative for upper‐surface leaf‐miners. Exposure to insecticides in situ can be mediated by subtle differences in species biology and species interactions, with potential implications for organisms usually considered safe in risk assessment studies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;00:1–17. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

中文翻译：

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杀虫剂对潜叶虫和胆囊诱导虫的副作用取决于物种生态特征和与切叶虫的竞争

内部喂养被认为可以保护无柄食草昆虫免受空中喷洒的非内吸性杀虫剂对森林落叶者的影响，尽管这尚未经过测试。然而，已经确定由落叶剂引起的叶子损伤会影响固着食草动物的生存和产卵行为。因此，饲养生态和竞争可能会介导杀虫剂对这些昆虫的非靶向作用。我们测试了 3 个固着食草动物群（上表面潜叶虫、下表面潜叶虫和胆诱导剂）对以操作率（12 g 活性成分在德国橡树林中，分别为 ai]/ha 和 69.6 g [ai]/ha) 或最高法定比率（分别为 60 g [ai]/ha 和 180 g [ai]/ha）。Diflubenzuron 影响不同生命阶段的潜叶虫，这取决于它们在叶片上的位置，但对胆诱导剂没有影响。Tebufenozide 在潜叶虫中表现出类似但不显着的模式，并且不影响胆诱导剂。通过减少叶片咀嚼损伤的发生率，这两种杀虫剂抵消了竞争对潜叶虫和胆诱导剂的负面影响。杀虫剂处理的净结果对避免接触的公会是积极的，但对上表面潜叶虫是负面的。原位接触杀虫剂可能由物种生物学和物种相互作用的细微差异介导，这对在风险评估研究中通常被认为是安全的生物体具有潜在影响。Tebufenozide 在潜叶虫中表现出类似但不显着的模式，并且不影响胆诱导剂。通过减少叶片咀嚼损伤的发生率，这两种杀虫剂抵消了竞争对潜叶虫和胆诱导剂的负面影响。杀虫剂处理的净结果对避免接触的公会是积极的，但对上表面潜叶虫是负面的。原位接触杀虫剂可能由物种生物学和物种相互作用的细微差异介导，这对在风险评估研究中通常被认为是安全的生物体具有潜在影响。Tebufenozide 在潜叶虫中表现出类似但不显着的模式，并且不影响胆诱导剂。通过减少叶片咀嚼损伤的发生率，这两种杀虫剂抵消了竞争对潜叶虫和胆诱导剂的负面影响。杀虫剂处理的净结果对避免接触的公会是积极的，但对上表面潜叶虫是负面的。原位接触杀虫剂可能由物种生物学和物种相互作用的细微差异介导，这对在风险评估研究中通常被认为是安全的生物体具有潜在影响。杀虫剂处理的净结果对避免接触的公会是积极的，但对上表面潜叶虫是负面的。原位接触杀虫剂可能由物种生物学和物种相互作用的细微差异介导，这对在风险评估研究中通常被认为是安全的生物体具有潜在影响。杀虫剂处理的净结果对避免接触的公会是积极的，但对上表面潜叶虫是负面的。原位接触杀虫剂可能由物种生物学和物种相互作用的细微差异介导，这对在风险评估研究中通常被认为是安全的生物体具有潜在影响。环境毒理学化学2021；00:1-17。© 2020 作者。环境毒理学和化学由 Wiley Periodicals LLC 代表 SETAC 出版。