With the aggravation of environmental pollution, the incidence of infertility is increasing. Ginsenoside Rg1 is a monomer component extracted from Panax ginseng. It has been found that Ginsenoside Rg1 is able to prevent premature ovarian failure and delay testicular senescence. Therefore, we speculate Ginsenoside Rg1 may have great potential to prevent and treat infertility. The aim of this work is to explore whether Ginsenoside Rg1 plays a protective role in the dinbutyl phthalate (DBP)-induced reproductive function injury mice, and to elucidate the potential mechanism. C57BL/6J male mice were administered by DBP with or without Ginsenoside Rg1 treatment and serum, testis and epididymis were collected for further analysis. Sperm analysis, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and serum hormone detection indicated that Ginsenoside Rg1 treatment improved the sperm density and sperm motility, reduced the testicular tissue damage, increased the serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels, and decreased the serum follicle-stimulating hormone level in DBP-induced mice. Furthermore, Ginsenoside Rg1 treatment upregulated expression levels of spermatogenesis-related protein, Cx43, E-cadherin, p-PI3K, p-Akt, and mTOR in the mice treated by DBP, observed by using a immunohistochemistry assay, a real-time quantitative PCR assay, and a western blot analysis. The present study reveals that Ginsenoside Rg1 may exert anti-DBP-induced reproductive function injury in C57BL/6J mice. In addition, the protect role of Ginsenoside Rg1 in spermatogenesis may be associated with the regulation of reproductive hormones, upregulation of spermatogenic associated proteins expression, restoration of the gap junctions, and the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways.

中文翻译：

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人参皂苷 Rg1 改善邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯诱导的 C57BL/6J 小鼠生殖功能损伤

随着环境污染的加剧，不孕症的发病率越来越高。Ginsenoside Rg1 是从人参中提取的单体成分。已经发现人参皂苷Rg1能够预防卵巢早衰和延缓睾丸衰老。因此，我们推测人参皂苷Rg1可能具有预防和治疗不孕症的巨大潜力。本工作旨在探讨人参皂苷Rg1是否对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）诱导的生殖功能损伤小鼠具有保护作用，并阐明其潜在机制。C57BL/6J 雄性小鼠在有或没有人参皂苷 Rg1 处理的情况下通过 DBP 给药，并收集血清、睾丸和附睾用于进一步分析。精子分析，苏木精和伊红染色，血清激素检测表明，人参皂苷Rg1处理提高了DBP诱导小鼠的精子密度和精子活力，减少了睾丸组织损伤，增加了血清睾酮和促黄体激素水平，降低了血清促卵泡激素水平。此外，人参皂苷 Rg1 处理上调了 DBP 处理的小鼠中精子发生相关蛋白、Cx43、E-钙粘蛋白、p-PI3K、p-Akt 和 mTOR 的表达水平，通过使用免疫组织化学测定，实时定量 PCR 观察到检测和蛋白质印迹分析。本研究表明，人参皂苷 Rg1 可能对 C57BL/6J 小鼠产生抗 DBP 诱导的生殖功能损伤。此外，人参皂苷Rg1在精子发生中的保护作用可能与生殖激素的调节有关，