Current narratives suggest that urban adaptation – the adaptive evolution of organisms to cities – is pervasive across taxa and cities. However, in reviewing hundreds of studies, we find only six comprehensive examples of species adaptively evolving to urbanization. We discuss the utility and shortcomings of methods for studying urban adaptation. We then review diverse systems offering preliminary evidence for urban adaptation and outline a research program for advancing its study. Urban environments constitute diverse, interacting selective agents that test the limits of adaptation. Understanding urban adaptation therefore offers unique opportunities for addressing fundamental questions in evolutionary biology and for better conserving biodiversity in cities. However, capitalizing on these opportunities requires appropriate research methods and dissemination of accurate narratives.

当前的叙述表明，城市适应性是生物体向城市的适应性进化，在整个分类群和城市中普遍存在。但是，在审查数百项研究时，我们仅发现六个全面的物种示例，可以适应城市化进程。我们讨论了研究城市适应性方法的实用性和不足之处。然后，我们将审查为城市适应提供初步证据的各种系统，并概述一项研究计划以推进其研究。城市环境构成了各种相互影响的选择因子，它们测试了适应的极限。因此，了解城市适应性为解决进化生物学中的基本问题以及更好地保护城市中的生物多样性提供了独特的机会。然而，