The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) identify the need to restore degraded soils in order to improve productivity and the provision of ecosystem services. The aim is to support food production, store and supply clean water, conserve biodiversity, sequester carbon, and improve soil resilience in a context of climate change. Within this framework, in order to achieve the SDGs and to correct land management in the long-term, soil management is considered mandatory. The reduction of land degradation should be based on various sustainable soil management practices that improve and maintain soil organic matter levels, increase water infiltration, and improve soil water management. This technical review a policy paper summarizes the sustainable and territorial impact of soil degradation, including soil water erosion, from the global level to the European and National levels. Furthermore, with the aim of sharing ongoing soil and water management actions, instruments, and initiatives, we provide information on soil and water conservation activities and prospects in Italy. Introduction With the World’s population expected to reach ≈10 billion by 2050 (UN, 2019), and considering that ≈99 % of the calories needed by humankind comes from the land, more sustainable ways to produce food are required (UN, 2019). Preserving the world foodsupply depends both on the productivity and quality of agricultural soils, which could produce up to 58% more food than nowadays (FAO, 2015, 2019a; UN, 2019). The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) identify the need to restore degraded soils to improve productivity. To achieve this goal, proper longterm land management is considered mandatory (Keesstra et al., 2016). There is a wide consensus on the need to enhance soil resources to support food production, store and provide clean water, conserve biodiversity, sequester carbon, and improve resilience in a context of climate change (Keesstra et al., 2016). These objectives serve to implement sustainable soil management practices worldwide. Nevertheless, recent FAO data on the Status of the World Soil Resource (2015) indicate that about 33% of the World’s soils are moderately or severely degraded due to unsustainable management practices and other chemical and physical issues mainly related to soil erosion, salinization, compaction, acidification, and chemical pollution. Sustainable soil management (SSM) has been shown to contribute to increase agri-food production, improving the nutritional quality of food and enabling soils to gradually mitigate and adapt to climate change. In particular, ‘diverse farming approaches aim to promote the sustainable management of soils with the goal of improving productivity, as well as agroecology, conservation agriculture, agroforestry’ (FAO, 2015). The adoption of SSM practices is a valuable tool for adapting to climate change and for embarking on a process of safeguarding key ecosystem services and biodiversity (Garbach et al., 2017; Altobelli and Del Giudice, 2017).

中文翻译：

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通过可持续的土壤管理实践改善水土保持和生态系统服务：从全球到意大利的土壤伙伴关系

联合国可持续发展目标 (SDG) 确定了恢复退化土壤以提高生产力和提供生态系统服务的必要性。其目的是在气候变化的背景下支持粮食生产、储存和供应清洁水、保护生物多样性、固碳和提高土壤恢复力。在此框架内，为了实现可持续发展目标和长期纠正土地管理，土壤管理被认为是强制性的。减少土地退化应基于各种可持续的土壤管理实践，以改善和保持土壤有机质水平、增加水渗透和改善土壤水分管理。本技术审查一份政策文件总结了土壤退化的可持续和领土影响，包括土壤水蚀、从全球层面到欧洲和国家层面。此外，为了分享正在进行的水土管理行动、工具和倡议，我们提供有关意大利水土保持活动和前景的信息。引言 预计到 2050 年世界人口将达到约 100 亿（联合国，2019 年），并且考虑到人类所需的约 99% 的卡路里来自土地，因此需要采用更可持续的方式来生产食物（联合国，2019 年）。保护世界粮食供应取决于农业土壤的生产力和质量，这可能比现在多生产 58% 的粮食（粮农组织，2015 年，2019a；联合国，2019 年）。联合国可持续发展目标 (SDG) 确定需要恢复退化的土壤以提高生产力。为了实现这一目标，适当的长期土地管理被认为是强制性的（Keesstra 等，2016）。在气候变化背景下，需要加强土壤资源以支持粮食生产、储存和提供清洁水、保护生物多样性、固碳和提高复原力，这一点已达成广泛共识（Keesstra 等，2016）。这些目标有助于在全球范围内实施可持续的土壤管理实践。然而，粮农组织最近关于世界土壤资源状况的数据（2015 年）表明，由于不可持续的管理做法和其他主要与土壤侵蚀、盐渍化、压实相关的化学和物理问题，世界上大约 33% 的土壤出现中度或严重退化、酸化和化学污染。可持续土壤管理 (SSM) 已被证明有助于增加农业食品产量，提高食物的营养质量，使土壤能够逐步减缓和适应气候变化。特别是，“多样化的耕作方法旨在促进土壤的可持续管理，以提高生产力以及农业生态学、保护性农业、农林业”（粮农组织，2015 年）。采用 SSM 做法是适应气候变化和启动保护关键生态系统服务和生物多样性过程的宝贵工具（Garbach 等，2017；Altobelli 和 Del Giudice，2017）。