This paper provides a review of the changing nature of the water–energy nexus in urban water supply systems (UWSSs) due to the primary long-term drivers of climate change, population growth and technological development from the ‘energy for water’ perspective. We identify both the physical changes in UWSSs, as well as the changes in the attributes of the system, both of which contribute to the changing nature of the water–energy nexus. We provide an overview of responses to this change in the water–energy nexus through the lens of four application areas, namely long-term planning, system design, system operation and system rehabilitation, based on the review of 52 papers. Ten responses in three categories are found to be commonly considered in each of the four application areas. The three categories are energy or greenhouse gas reduction, integrated modelling and planning, and improving social benefits. The main drivers of these responses may vary with the application area. Based on the review outcomes, we outline the gaps in the responses in relation to the changing nature of the water–energy nexus in UWSSs, providing directions for future research on improving UWSS efficiency considering the long-term drivers.

本文从“用水换能源”的角度对气候变化，人口增长和技术发展的主要长期驱动力，归因于城市供水系统（UWSS）中水能源关系的变化性质进行了回顾。我们既识别了UWSS的物理变化，也识别了系统属性的变化，这两者都导致了水能关系的变化。我们基于52篇论文的综述，通过四个应用领域（即长期规划，系统设计，系统运行和系统修复）的视角，概述了对水能关系变化的响应。发现在四个应用领域中的每个领域中，通常会考虑三个类别的十个响应。这三类是能源或温室气体减排，集成建模和计划，并改善社会效益。这些响应的主要驱动力可能因应用领域而异。根据审查结果，我们概述了与城市供水系统中水能关系变化的性质有关的应对措施中的差距，为未来研究在考虑长期驱动因素的情况下提高供水系统效率提供了指导。