Kin selection may act differently on genes inherited from parents (matrigenes and patrigenes), resulting in intragenomic conflict. This conflict can be observed as differential expression of matrigenes and patrigenes, or parent‐specific gene expression (PSGE). In honey bees (Apis mellifera), intragenomic conflict is hypothesized to occur in multiple social contexts. Previously, we found that patrigene‐biased expression in reproductive tissues was associated with increased reproductive potential in worker honey bees, consistent with the prediction that patrigenes are selected to promote selfish behaviour in this context. Here, we examined brain gene expression patterns to determine if PSGE is also found in other tissues. As before, the number of transcripts showing patrigene expression bias was significantly greater in the brains of reproductive vs. sterile workers, while the number of matrigene‐biased transcripts was not significantly different. Twelve transcripts out of the 374 showing PSGE in either tissue showed PSGE in both brain and reproductive tissues; this overlap was significantly greater than expected by chance. However, the majority of transcripts show PSGE only in one tissue, suggesting the epigenetic mechanisms mediating PSGE exhibit plasticity between tissues. There was no significant overlap between transcripts that showed PSGE and transcripts that were significantly differentially expressed. Weighted gene correlation network analysis identified modules which were significantly enriched in both types of transcripts, suggesting that these genes may influence each other through gene networks. Our results provide further support for the kin selection theory of intragenomic conflict, and provide valuable insights into the mechanisms which may mediate this process.

中文翻译：

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组织特异性转录模式支持蜜蜂基因组冲突的亲缘关系理论（蜜蜂）

亲缘选择对父母亲遗传的基因（母基因和爱国基因）的作用可能不同，从而导致基因组内冲突。这种冲突可以通过母体基因和父系基因的差异表达或亲本特异性基因表达（PSGE）来观察。在蜜蜂（蜜蜂）），假设内部基因组冲突发生在多种社会环境中。以前，我们发现，在生殖组织中偏爱于原基因的表达与工蜂的繁殖潜力增加有关，这与在这种情况下选择偏爱基因来促进自私行为的预测一致。在这里，我们检查了大脑基因表达模式，以确定在其他组织中是否也发现了PSGE。和以前一样，生殖和不育工人的大脑中表现出爱国基因表达偏向的转录物数量显着增加，而受基质基因偏向的转录物数量没有显着差异。在374个中有12个转录本在任一组织中均显示PSGE，在大脑和生殖组织中均显示PSGE。这种重叠远远大于偶然的预期。然而，大多数转录本仅在一个组织中显示PSGE，表明介导PSGE的表观遗传机制在组织之间表现出可塑性。显示PSGE的转录本和表达差异显着的转录本之间没有明显的重叠。加权基因相关网络分析确定了在两种转录本中均显着富集的模块，表明这些基因可能通过基因网络相互影响。我们的结果为基因组内冲突的亲属选择理论提供了进一步的支持，并为可能介导这一过程的机制提供了宝贵的见解。显示PSGE的转录本和表达差异显着的转录本之间没有明显的重叠。加权基因相关网络分析确定了在两种转录本中均显着富集的模块，表明这些基因可能通过基因网络相互影响。我们的结果为基因组内冲突的亲属选择理论提供了进一步的支持，并为可能介导这一过程的机制提供了宝贵的见解。显示PSGE的转录本和表达差异显着的转录本之间没有明显的重叠。加权基因相关网络分析确定了在两种转录本中均显着富集的模块，表明这些基因可能通过基因网络相互影响。我们的结果为基因组内冲突的亲属选择理论提供了进一步的支持，并为可能介导这一过程的机制提供了宝贵的见解。