The Western Carpathian Mountains have been attracting palaeoecologists for a long time, recently mainly to seek direct evidence of northern cryptic refugia in this region. We investigated a rich Holocene mollusc record in the White Carpathian Mountains, capturing a gradual development of forest malacofaunas under stable environmental conditions. To obtain precise data about colonization and extinction events for particular species, we applied a high-resolution depth-age model. Early Holocene assemblages revealed both the presence of Early Holocene relics and an early appearance of closed-canopy forest species that might indicate a cryptic glacial refugium nearby. Many forest species peaking at the Holocene forest optimum, including anthropophobic arboricole land snails (Bulgarica cana and Macrogastra borealis), were present since the Early Holocene as well. After 4000 cal. a BP, forest vegetation composition changed, and the environment became less suitable for woodland snails (i.e. calcium and moisture level decreased). This change was indicated by the disappearance of many sensitive forest species. Most of the exclusively forest species reappeared during the early Middle Ages because of dense beech forest development. However, in the late Middle Ages, the study site was deforested and became an open wetland. The existence of pollen, plant macro-remains, and stable isotope data allowed us to compare the recorded mollusc succession to the signal derived from these proxies. Hence, we propose that the Mituchovci site should be considered a model for the Holocene development of mollusc woodland faunas in the (Outer) Western Carpathians and one of the main reference sites for central European mollusc succession.

中文翻译：

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Mituchovci tufa（斯洛伐克西部）的高分辨率软体动物记录：西喀尔巴阡山脉中海拔森林全新世序列的参考

西喀尔巴阡山脉长期以来一直吸引着古生态学家，最近主要是为了寻找该地区北部隐匿避难所的直接证据。我们调查了白喀尔巴阡山脉丰富的全新世软体动物记录，在稳定的环境条件下捕捉到森林马拉科动物的逐渐发展。为了获得特定物种的殖民和灭绝事件的精确数据，我们应用了高分辨率深度年龄模型。早期全新世组合揭示了早期全新世遗迹的存在和封闭冠层森林物种的早期出现，这可能表明附近有一个隐蔽的冰川避难所。许多森林物种在全新世森林最佳状态达到顶峰，包括人类恐惧的乔木陆螺（保加利亚和巨腹)，自全新世早期就存在。4000 卡路里后。a BP，森林植被组成发生变化，环境变得不太适合林地蜗牛（即钙和水分含量降低）。许多敏感森林物种的消失表明了这种变化。由于茂密的山毛榉森林的发展，大多数独特的森林物种在中世纪早期重新出现。然而，在中世纪晚期，研究地点被砍伐，变成一片开阔的湿地。花粉、植物宏观残留物和稳定同位素数据的存在使我们能够将记录的软体动物演替与来自这些代理的信号进行比较。因此，