The natural fluorescence of tree peony is short. Forcing culture, mainly by defoliation and gibberellin (GA) treatment, is frequently used for its industrial production. We previously found forcing culture to be coordinated by non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs). Herein, we further revealed the specific role of NSCs during this process. We observed that both defoliation and GA treatment increased the photosynthesis in the bracts, and defoliation had a greater effect on NSC assimilation. We further determined the NSC content and PsSWEETs expression in the bracts, and the results indicated that GA may contribute more to NSC allocation by inducing PsSWEET7. Furthermore, we determined the trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) content and sugar signaling-related gene (PsTPS1, PsSnRK1, and PsHXK1) expression in both the petals and bracts and found that both defoliation and GA treatment induced T6P levels as well as PsTPS1 expression in both tissues. This indicated that the sugar signaling pathway may also be involved in NSC-coordinated tree peony flowering. In particular, PsSnRK1 was more rapidly induced in the bracts (as an energy shortage response) in the control plants and was completely prohibited by defoliation and GA treatment, indicating the key role of the bracts in sugar signaling. In conclusion, NSCs induced tree peony flowering both as an energy substrate and sugar signaling trigger, with the bracts playing an essential role. These results may provide further evidence on the mechanism of NSC-coordinated flower opening in tree peony under forcing culture conditions, which may also provide a foundation for improving this technology.

牡丹的自然荧光很短。主要通过落叶和赤霉素（GA）处理进行的强迫培养，经常用于其工业生产。我们之前发现强迫文化必须由非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）来协调。在此，我们进一步揭示了NSC在此过程中的特定作用。我们观察到，落叶和赤霉素处理均增加了片的光合作用，而落叶对NSC的吸收作用更大。我们进一步确定了SC中NSC的含量和PsSWEETs的表达，结果表明GA可能通过诱导PsSWEET7进一步促进NSC的分配。此外，我们确定了6磷酸海藻糖（T6P）的含量和糖信号相关基因（PsTPS1，PsSnRK1和PsHXK1）在花瓣和片中的表达，发现去叶和GA处理均可诱导T6P水平和PsTPS1在两个组织中的表达。这表明糖信号传导途径也可能参与了NSC协调的牡丹开花。特别是，PsSnRK1在对照植物的the片中被更迅速地诱导（作为能量短缺的响应），并且被落叶和GA处理完全禁止，表明indicating片在糖信号传导中的关键作用。总之，神经干细胞诱导牡丹开花，既是能量底物，又是糖信号的触发物，the片起着至关重要的作用。这些结果可为在强迫培养条件下牡丹中NSC协调开放花的机制提供进一步的证据，也可为改进该技术提供基础。