Abstract Restored habitats require long-term management to maintain biodiversity and ensure ecosystem functions. Management strategies are often developed for plant communities, including through seeding and disturbance management, but these actions are taken with a focus on plant dynamics and with little knowledge of the effects on non-plant organisms. Wild bees are often expected to respond to such management actions via their effects on local floral resource availability, but management may also affect bees by altering survival and nesting independently of plant community responses. Working in restoration plantings within a large, actively managed tallgrass prairie preserve, we separated the effects of management and landscape context on bee community abundance and richness from the effects of these covariates on bees mediated through the abundance and richness of the local flowering plant community. We found that bees responded primarily to disturbance management (via bison) and the amount of prairie and forest habitat in the landscape, indicating that across landscapes with relatively abundant flowers and nest-sites, these landscape-level resources are more important than local floral resources for structuring bee communities. In contrast, floral communities responded to restoration age and prescribed burning. Because bees respond to different factors and at a different landscape scale than local plant communities, we conclude that management designed for plants is not sufficient for pollinators. Landscape level restoration may therefore require targeted habitat design and management to successfully restore functionally important animals.

中文翻译：

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恢复草原中的蜜蜂群落是由景观和管理构成的，而不是当地的花卉资源

摘要 恢复的栖息地需要长期管理以维持生物多样性和确保生态系统功能。通常为植物群落制定管理策略，包括通过播种和干扰管理，但这些行动的重点是植物动态，而对非植物生物的影响知之甚少。通常预计野生蜜蜂会通过对当地花卉资源可用性的影响来响应此类管理行为，但管理也可能通过独立于植物群落反应而改变生存和筑巢来影响蜜蜂。在一个大型的、积极管理的高草草原保护区内进行恢复种植工作，我们将管理和景观环境对蜜蜂群落丰度和丰富度的影响与这些协变量对通过当地开花植物群落丰富度和丰富度介导的蜜蜂的影响分开。我们发现蜜蜂主要对干扰管理（通过野牛）和景观中的草原和森林栖息地数量做出反应，表明在花卉和巢址相对丰富的景观中，这些景观级资源比当地花卉资源更重要用于构建蜜蜂群落。相比之下，花卉群落对恢复年龄做出反应并规定燃烧。由于蜜蜂对不同因素的反应以及与当地植物群落的景观尺度不同，我们得出结论，为植物设计的管理对传粉媒介来说是不够的。