Abstract—Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus occurs throughout the life of mammals, including humans. A common view is that integration of newborn neurons provides a high level of plasticity in the hippocampal neuronal network. This is important for cognitive brain function, memory formation, and emotions. Neurogenesis is supported by the pool of stem cells located in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. These cells spend most of their life in a state of mitotic quiescence. During aging, the reservoir of stem cells gradually decreases due to division and irreversible differentiation into astrocytes. The kinetics of spending the pool of stem cells is determined by the balance between quiescence and division. The question on the molecular mechanisms regulating this balance is one of the key issues in the biology of brain stem cells. This is important not only in order to understand the fundamental principles of regulation of neurogenesis, but also in developing new strategies for using the internal reservoir of stem cells to ameliorate hippocampal plasticity deficit in various brain pathologies and aging. To date a lot of new and interesting data have been accumulated on multiple mechanisms involved in the regulation of stem cell quiescence and division. In this review, we overview current knowledge on the signal molecules and cellular receptors participating in the maintenance of the quiescent state of stem cells, the mechanisms of the shift from the quiescent state to proliferation at the level of gene transcription, and the roles of components of the stem cell niche, such as neuronal connections, macro- and microglia, and the extracellular matrix, in the regulation of the balance between quiescence and division of stem cells and in the maintenance and exhaustion of their pool.

摘要—海马齿状回的神经发生发生在包括人类在内的整个哺乳动物的一生中。普遍的看法是，新生神经元的整合在海马神经元网络中提供了高水平的可塑性。这对于认知脑功能，记忆形成和情绪很重要。位于齿状回亚颗粒区的干细胞池支持神经发生。这些细胞一生大部分时间处于有丝分裂静止状态。在衰老过程中，干细胞的储库由于分裂和不可逆地分化为星形胶质细胞而逐渐减少。消耗干细胞池的动力学取决于静态和分裂之间的平衡。关于调节这种平衡的分子机制的问题是脑干细胞生物学中的关键问题之一。这不仅对于理解调节神经发生的基本原理很重要，而且对于开发利用干细胞内部贮藏库改善各种脑部疾病和衰老中海马可塑性缺乏的新策略也很重要。迄今为止，关于干细胞静止和分裂调控的多种机制已经积累了许多有趣的新数据。在这篇综述中，我们概述了有关参与维持干细胞静止状态的信号分子和细胞受体的当前知识，在基因转录水平上从静止状态转变为增殖的机制以及成分的作用干细胞生态位，例如神经元连接，大胶质细胞和小胶质细胞以及细胞外基质，