Abstract

This study was undertaken to assess polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and heavy metal concentrations of commercial grilled meat (suya) and smoked catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822) from South-West, Nigeria. A total of 100 samples of grilled meat and 100 samples of smoked catfish were collected purposively from five major cities in South-West, Nigeria between July and October, 2019. The samples were analyzed to determine PAH and heavy metal [Lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and Arsenic (Ar)] concentrations present in the samples. This study revealed that commercial suya and smoked catfish samples from major cities from South West, Nigeria contained varying concentrations of the following carcinogenic PAHs; Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), Benzo[a]anthracene (B[a]A), Benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]FA), Benzo [ghi] perylene (B[ghi]P), and Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (DB[a,h]A). The concentrations of the PAHs in the samples were very high and above the European Union maximum permissible level of 2.0 µg/kg (0.002 mg/kg) for BaP and 12 µg/kg (0.012 mg/kg) for the sum of 4PAHs (B[a]P + Chr + B[b]F + B[a]A) approved by Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 as amended by Regulation (EU) No 835/2011 of 19 August 2011 for B[a]P allowed in grilled or smoked meat and fish for human consumption. The high concentrations of carcinogenic PAHs in commercial suya and smoked catfish from major cities in South West, Nigeria above the EU maximum permissible level of 2.0 µg kg⁻¹ may be due to poor process control like high grilling temperature above 100 °C and longer grilling time associated with traditional suya processing and fish smoking in Nigeria. This could have resulted in public health concerns for consumers as carcinogenic PAHs have been linked to cancer. Also, the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, and Ar in the commercial suya and smoked catfish samples studied were very low below the maximum permissible limits approved by World Health Organization, 2006 for grilled and smoked meat and fish which are Pb (0.3 mg/kg); Cd (0.2 mg/kg), Hg (0.2 mg/kg), and Cr (0.3 mg/kg) and therefore the products may not constitute health risks to consumers.

摘要

本研究旨在评估商业烤肉 (suya) 和熏鲶鱼 ( Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822 )的多环芳烃 (PAH) 和重金属浓度来自尼日利亚西南部。2019 年 7 月至 10 月期间，在尼日利亚西南部五个主要城市有目的地采集了 100 个烤肉样品和 100 个熏鲶鱼样品。对样品进行分析以确定 PAH 和重金属 [铅 (Pb),样品中存在的汞 (Hg)、镉 (Cd)、铬 (Cr) 和砷 (Ar)] 浓度。这项研究表明，来自尼日利亚西南部主要城市的商业 suya 和熏鲶鱼样本含有不同浓度的以下致癌 PAH；苯并[a]芘（B[a]P）、苯并[a]蒽（B[a]A）、苯并[b]荧蒽（B[b]FA）、苯并[ghi]苝（B[ghi]P ) 和二苯并 (a,h) 蒽 (DB[a,h]A)。样品中多环芳烃的浓度非常高，高于欧盟最高允许水平 2.0 µg/kg (0. 002 mg/kg) BaP 和 12 µg/kg (0.012 mg/kg) 4PAHs (B[a]P + Chr + B[b]F + B[a]A) 经委员会法规 (EC) 批准) 2006 年 12 月 19 日第 1881/2006 号，经 2011 年 8 月 19 日第 835/2011 号条例 (EU) 修订，允许在供人食用的烤或熏肉和鱼中使用 B[a]P。尼日利亚西南部主要城市的商业苏雅和熏鲶鱼中的高致癌 PAHs 浓度高于欧盟最高允许水平 2.0 µg kg⁻¹可能是由于过程控制不佳，例如超过 100 °C 的高烧烤温度以及与尼日利亚传统苏雅加工和熏鱼相关的较长烧烤时间。这可能会导致消费者对公共健康的担忧，因为致癌的 PAH 与癌症有关。此外，所研究的商业 suya 和熏鲶鱼样品中的 Pb、Cd、Hg、Cr 和 Ar 浓度非常低，低于世界卫生组织 2006 年批准的烧烤和熏制肉类和鱼类铅的最大允许限值（ 0.3 毫克/公斤）；Cd (0.2 mg/kg)、Hg (0.2 mg/kg) 和 Cr (0.3 mg/kg)，因此产品可能不会对消费者构成健康风险。