Human population growth has increased demand for food products, which is expected to double in coming decades. Until recently, this demand has been met by expanding agricultural area and intensifying agrochemical-based monoculture of a few species. However, this development pathway has been criticised due to its negative impacts on the environment and other human activities. Therefore, new production practices are needed to meet human food requirements sustainably in the future. Herein, we assert that polyculture practices can ensure the transition of aquaculture towards sustainable development. We review traditional and recent polyculture practices (ponds, recirculated aquaculture systems, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, aquaponics, integrated agriculture-aquaculture) to highlight how they improve aquaculture through the coexistence and interactions of species. This overview highlights the importance of species compatibility (i.e. species that can live in the same farming environment without detrimental interactions) and complementarity (i.e. complementary use of available resources and/or commensalism/mutualism) to achieve efficient and ethical aquaculture. Overall, polyculture combines aspects of productivity, environmental protection, resource sharing, and animal welfare. However, several challenges must be addressed to facilitate polyculture development across the world. We developed a four-step conceptual framework for designing innovative polyculture systems. This framework highlights the importance of (i) using prospective approaches to consider which species to combine, (ii) performing integrated assessment of rearing environments to determine in which farming system a particular combination of species is the most relevant, (iii) developing new tools and strategies to facilitate polyculture system management, and (iv) implementing polyculture innovation for relevant stakeholders involved in aquaculture transitions.

中文翻译：

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当更多时：利用物种多样性向可持续水产养殖迈进

人口增长增加了对食品的需求，预计未来几十年这一需求将翻一番。直到最近，通过扩大农业面积和加强以农化为基础的少数物种单一栽培，才能满足这一需求。然而，这种发展途径因其对环境和其他人类活动的负面影响而受到批评。因此，需要新的生产实践来可持续地满足未来人类对食物的需求。在此，我们断言混养做法可以确保水产养殖向可持续发展的过渡。我们回顾了传统和最近的混养实践（池塘、循环水产养殖系统、综合多营养水产养殖、鱼菜共生、综合农业水产养殖）以突出它们如何通过物种的共存和相互作用来改善水产养殖。本概述强调了物种兼容性（即物种可以生活在相同的养殖环境中而不会产生不利的相互作用）和互补性（即可用资源的互补使用和/或共生/互惠）对实现高效和合乎道德的水产养殖的重要性。总体而言，混养结合了生产力、环境保护、资源共享和动物福利等方面。然而，为了促进世界各地的多元文化发展，必须解决一些挑战。我们开发了一个四步概念框架来设计创新的混养系统。