The effects of rearing temperature and host stage parasitized on the development of three parasitoid species; Encarsia noyesi Hayat (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), Idioporus affinis LaSalle & Polaszek (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), and Entedononecremnus krauteri Zolnerowich & Rose (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) were investigated. These parasitoids are part of the biological control program for the giant whitefly Aleurodicus dugesii Cockerell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in the United States. Temperature and host-dependent development was assessed for each species using the nonlinear Brière-1 model and simple linear regression to obtain critical thermal parameters. All three parasitoids successfully developed at constant temperatures ranging from 15°C to 30°C, which was narrower to their predicted thermal limits due to thermal constraints of A. dugesii. There were significant effects of both temperature and A. dugesii nymphal stage parasitized on immature parasitoid development times. All three parasitoid species' development time decreased as nymphal stage age increased. Thermal tolerance limits and development times varied by parasitoid species. The results of these findings in the context of biological control potential are discussed.

中文翻译：

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温度和寄主阶段对大粉虱 Aleurodicus dugesii（半翅目：粉虱科）寄生蜂发育速率的影响

饲养温度和寄主阶段对三种寄生蜂发育的影响；研究了 Encarsia noyesi Hayat（膜翅目：Aphelinidae）、Idioporus affinis LaSalle & Polaszek（膜翅目：Pteromalidae）和Entedononecremnus krauteri Zolnerowich & Rose（膜翅目：Eulophidae）。这些寄生蜂是美国巨型粉虱 Aleurodicus dugesii Cockerell（半翅目：粉虱科）生物控制计划的一部分。使用非线性 Brière-1 模型和简单的线性回归评估每个物种的温度和宿主依赖性发育，以获得关键的热参数。所有三种寄生蜂都在 15°C 至 30°C 的恒定温度下成功发育，由于 A. dugesii 的热限制，该温度低于其预测的热极限。温度和寄生的 A. dugesii 若虫期对幼虫发育时间有显着影响。随着若虫阶段年龄的增加，所有三种寄生蜂的发育时间都减少。热耐受极限和发育时间因寄生物种而异。在生物防治潜力的背景下讨论了这些发现的结果。