Brazil has high levels of biodiversity and has received strong criticism for the increasing country-wide deforestation that threatens it. Although a significant percentage of land area in Brazil is protected, the areas are insufficient and unevenly distributed. Many studies have contributed to the biogeographical knowledge of Brazilian flora, but no endemicity analysis (EA) has been conducted including all endemic angiosperms. We investigated the spatial component, drawing on a huge and taxonomically diverse dataset based on 827 016 records collected over the last two centuries. We conducted an EA for 15 034 species from 173 families using an optimality criterion with 2° and 3° grid sizes, in order to search for distributional concordance, to identify the biogeographical units and discuss the implications for conservation. Six analyses were run for basal angiosperms, monocots and eudicots. The EA recovered 66 consensus areas (CAs). The concordance of CAs enabled the identification of five best-supported areas of endemism––three in the Atlantic and Parana Forest and two areas in the Cerrado province––supported by species of 120 families. The age of divergence for some genera that contributed significantly to the identification of areas recovered in the Cerrado coincides with the recent, <10 Ma, estimated age of that province. By contrast, the areas in the Atlantic and Parana Forest are supported by genera with earlier diversification >30 Ma, supporting an ancient origin. Most areas in the Atlantic Forest are partially superimposed with the limits of the protected areas, however, big gaps were identified in the Cerrado. Protecting Brazilian biomes was at the heart of Brazil’s environmental policy. Regrettably, this scenario has radically changed based on misleading divergences in conservation policy. Areas of endemism are pivotal for biodiversity conservation due to the common evolutionary history shared by their endemic taxa. Thus, we hope that these congruent patterns of endemism support the establishment of biodiversity priorities.

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两个世纪的分布数据：巴西被子植物特有区域的检测

巴西拥有高水平的生物多样性，并因全国范围内不断增加的森林砍伐威胁它而受到强烈批评。尽管巴西有很大比例的土地面积受到保护，但面积不足且分布不均。许多研究有助于巴西植物区系的生物地理知识，但尚未进行包括所有地方性被子植物的地方性分析 (EA)。我们根据过去两个世纪收集的 827 016 条记录，利用庞大且分类多样的数据集调查了空间成分。我们使用具有 2° 和 3° 网格大小的最优标准对来自 173 个科的 15 034 个物种进行了 EA，以寻找分布一致性，确定生物地理单元并讨论对保护的影响。对基础被子植物、单子叶植物和真双子叶植物进行了六次分析。EA 恢复了 66 个共识区域 (CA)。CAs 的一致性使我们能够识别出五个得到最佳支持的特有地区——三个在大西洋和巴拉那森林，两个在塞拉多省——由 120 个科的物种支持。一些对在塞拉多恢复区域的识别有重大贡献的属的分化年龄与该省最近的估计年龄<10 Ma一致。相比之下，大西洋和巴拉那森林的区域由早期多样化> 30 Ma的属支持，支持古老的起源。大西洋森林的大部分地区与保护区的界限部分重叠，但是，在塞拉多发现了很大的差距。保护巴西生物群落是巴西环境政策的核心。遗憾的是，由于保护政策的误导性分歧，这种情况发生了根本性的变化。由于其特有分类群具有共同的进化历史，特有地区对于生物多样性保护至关重要。因此，我们希望这些一致的特有模式支持建立生物多样性优先事项。