Agroforestry systems are reported as climate‐resilient productive systems, but it is yet unclear how tree shade affects crops performance. The aim of this work was to assess how the phenology, plant traits and grain yield of wheat and barley were affected by shade. In an open greenhouse experiment, we cultivated in pots nine cultivars differing in precocity for each species and imposed three artificial shading levels (S0 ~ 0%, S1 ~ 25%, S2 ~ 50%) at the start of cereal booting. Our results showed that shade speeded up first growth stages in both species, until the starting of milk development. Barley showed consistent phenological responses to the three irradiance levels among cultivars, but not wheat that showed larger phenological differences among cultivars at moderate shade. Deep shade prolonged the time needed for wheat grain ripening. Both species increased grain yield by 15%–20% with shade, driven by shade‐acclimations of plant traits that differed among species. For wheat, grain yield was determined by the assemblage of traits that contribute to yield, such as grain weight, precocity and non‐photochemical quenching, while, for barley, SPAD value, precocity to reach phenological stages, grains per spike and plant height had the strongest influence. These traits varied widely among cultivars and seem of interest to identify best suited cultivars for shading conditions of Mediterranean agroforestry systems.

中文翻译：

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在地中海条件下，小麦和大麦品种在模拟阴影下表现出植物性状的适应性并增加了谷物的产量

据报道，农林业系统是具有气候恢复能力的生产系统，但尚不清楚树荫如何影响农作物的生长。这项工作的目的是评估遮荫如何影响小麦和大麦的物候，植物性状和谷物产量。在一个开放式温室实验中，我们在每个谷物品种的早熟盆中种植了9个不同早熟品种，并在谷物启动时施加了3种人工遮荫水平（S0〜0％，S1〜25％，S2〜50％）。我们的结果表明，阴影加快了这两个物种的第一个生长阶段，直到开始牛奶发育。大麦对三个辐照水平在品种上表现出一致的物候响应，但在中等阴影下，小麦在三个品种之间的物候差异较大。深色阴影延长了小麦籽粒成熟所需的时间。在不同树荫下，两种植物的性状在树荫下驯化的驱动下，两种树荫下的谷物产量均提高了15％至20％。对于小麦，谷物产量取决于对产量有贡献的性状的组合，例如谷物重量，早熟和非光化学猝灭，而对于大麦，SPAD值，达到物候期的早熟，每穗峰值和株高影响力最大。这些特性在不同品种之间差异很大，似乎很感兴趣找出适合地中海农林业系统遮光条件的最合适品种。早熟和非光化学淬灭，而对于大麦，SPAD值，早熟达到物候阶段，每穗穗粒数和株高影响最大。这些特性在不同品种之间差异很大，似乎很感兴趣找出适合地中海农林业系统遮光条件的最合适品种。早熟和非光化学淬灭，而对于大麦，SPAD值，早熟达到物候阶段，每穗穗粒数和株高影响最大。这些特性在不同品种之间差异很大，似乎很感兴趣找出适合地中海农林业系统遮光条件的最合适品种。