PREMISE We tested 25 classic and novel hypotheses regarding trait-origin, trait-trait, and trait-environment relationships to account for flora-wide variation in life history, habit, and especially reproductive traits using a plastid DNA phylogeny of most native (96.6%, or 1494/1547 species) and introduced (87.5%, or 690/789 species) angiosperms in Wisconsin, USA. METHODS We assembled data on life history, habit, flowering, dispersal, mating system, and occurrence across open/closed/mixed habitats across species in the state phylogeny. We used phylogenetically structured analyses to assess the strength and statistical significance of associations predicted by our models. RESULTS Introduced species are more likely to be annual herbs, occupy open habitats, have large, visually conspicuous, hermaphroditic flowers, and bear passively dispersed seeds. Among native species, hermaphroditism is associated with larger, more conspicuous flowers; monoecy is associated with small, inconspicuous flowers and passive seed dispersal; and dioecy is associated with small, inconspicuous flowers and fleshy fruits. Larger flowers with more conspicuous colors are more common in open habitats, and in understory species flowering under open (spring) canopies; fleshy fruits are more common in closed habitats. Wind pollination may help favor dioecy in open habitats. CONCLUSIONS These findings support predictions regarding how breeding systems depend on flower size, flower color, and fruit type, and how those traits depend on habitat. This study is the first to combine flora-wide phylogenies with complete trait databases and phylogenetically structured analyses to provide powerful tests of evolutionary hypotheses about reproductive traits and their variation with geographic source, each other, and environmental conditions.

中文翻译：

---

威斯康星州被子植物群中生活史、生殖特征、环境和起源之间的适应性关联

前提我们测试了 25 个关于性状起源、性状-性状和性状-环境关系的经典和新颖的假设，以解释生活史、习惯，尤其是生殖性状的植物群范围变化，使用大多数本地 (96.6%) 的质体 DNA 系统发育，或 1494/1547 种）并在美国威斯康星州引入（87.5% 或 690/789 种）被子植物。方法我们收集了有关国家系统发育中跨物种的开放/封闭/混合栖息地的生活史、习性、开花、扩散、交配系统和发生的数据。我们使用系统发育结构分析来评估我们的模型预测的关联的强度和统计显着性。结果 引入的物种更可能是一年生草本植物，占据开阔的栖息地，具有大的、视觉上显眼的雌雄同体的花朵，并且带有被动散布的种子。在本地物种中，雌雄同体与更大、更显眼的花朵有关。雌雄同株与不显眼的小花和被动的种子传播有关；雌雄异株与不显眼的小花和肉质果实有关。在开阔的栖息地和在开放（春季）树冠下开花的林下物种中，较大的花朵颜色更显眼；在封闭的栖息地，肉质水果更常见。风授粉可能有助于有利于开放栖息地的雌雄异株。结论 这些发现支持关于育种系统如何依赖花朵大小、花朵颜色和果实类型以及这些特征如何依赖栖息地的预测。