Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful method that can be used to facilitate the treatment process by providing on-line and reliable information about the impedance properties of the sample under the treatment. In most of the research studies, EIS methods were applied to detect and monitor the growth of micro-organisms in solutions. However, this technique has been rarely applied to improve the efficiency of the treatment process and achieve optimum decontamination. In this article, a real-time method is introduced as a rapid microbial evaluation technique to study the effectiveness of the nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) on Escherichia coli (E. coli) degradation in milk samples. The proposed method is developed based on the EIS technique to monitor the change in bacteria (E. coli) in the milk samples and enhance the efficiency of the nsPEF treatment process. The proposed EIS method shows great potential not only in the detection of the microbial reduction occurring in the contaminated milk samples following the treatment process but also in identifying optimum pulse parameters for nsPEF treatment system.

中文翻译：

---

纳秒脉冲电场处理牛乳的实时微生物快速评估方法

电阻抗谱 (EIS) 是一种强大的方法，可用于通过提供有关处理下样品的阻抗特性的在线和可靠信息来促进处理过程。在大多数研究中，EIS 方法用于检测和监测溶液中微生物的生长。然而，这种技术很少应用于提高处理过程的效率和实现最佳去污。在本文中，介绍了一种实时方法作为一种快速微生物评估技术，以研究纳秒脉冲电场 (nsPEF) 对牛奶样品中大肠杆菌 (E.coli) 降解的有效性。所提出的方法是基于 EIS 技术开发的，用于监测细菌（大肠杆菌）的变化。大肠杆菌）并提高 nsPEF 处理过程的效率。所提出的 EIS 方法不仅在检测处理过程后受污染牛奶样品中发生的微生物减少方面具有巨大潜力，而且在确定 nsPEF 处理系统的最佳脉冲参数方面也具有巨大潜力。