Abstract Rhenium is a scarce and highly important metal, which is widely used in high-temperature superalloys and platinum–rhenium catalysts due to its unique physicochemical properties. The substitution of rhenium in its applications is very limited, and there is no suitable substitute without losing essential performance. Furthermore, global extractable primary rhenium resources are predicted to deplete within 130 years. In this paper, rhenium extraction and recycling technologies from primary and secondary resources are critically classified and reviewed. Rhenium is primarily produced as a by-product in molybdenum, copper, lead and uranium production from the concentrates and ores. Rhenium is extracted from roasting fume and dust, leaching residue, and aqueous solution to produce a rhenium bearing solution. Subsequently, rhenium rich solution is generated by separation with solvent extraction, ion exchange, adsorption, membrane techniques or chemical precipitation. Finally, rhenium is produced via crystallization and reduction steps. Recycling rhenium from spent alloys and catalysts is a multi-step process combining pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical techniques, where its separation and the subsequent steps are similar to that of extracting rhenium from primary resources. The main challenges in rhenium extraction and recycling are the enrichment of rhenium in the production and the collection and classification of spent rhenium scrap, to identify suitable processes to recover the rhenium with a high recovery. This paper contributes to better understanding the rhenium extraction and recycling processes and enhances sustainability of rhenium production.

中文翻译：

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一次二次资源铼提取回收技术综述

摘要 铼是一种稀有且非常重要的金属，因其独特的理化性质而被广泛应用于高温高温合金和铂铼催化剂中。铼在其应用中的替代品非常有限，在不损失本质性能的情况下，没有合适的替代品。此外，全球可提取的原生铼资源预计将在 130 年内枯竭。在本文中，对一次和二次资源中的铼提取和回收技术进行了严格的分类和回顾。铼主要是从精矿和矿石生产钼、铜、铅和铀的副产品。从焙烧烟尘、浸出渣和水溶液中提取铼，制成含铼溶液。随后，富铼溶液是通过溶剂萃取、离子交换、吸附、膜技术或化学沉淀分离产生的。最后，通过结晶和还原步骤生产铼。从废合金和催化剂中回收铼是一个结合火法冶金和湿法冶金技术的多步骤过程，其分离和后续步骤类似于从原始资源中提取铼。铼提取和回收的主要挑战是铼在生产中的富集和废铼废料的收集和分类，以确定合适的工艺以高回收率回收铼。本文有助于更好地了解铼提取和回收过程，并提高铼生产的可持续性。