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Cover crops promote crop productivity but do not enhance weed management in tillage-based cropping systems
European Journal of Agronomy ( IF 5.2 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2020.126221
Guillaume Adeux , Stéphane Cordeau , Daniele Antichi , Stefano Carlesi , Marco Mazzoncini , Nicolas Munier-Jolain , Paolo Bàrberi

Abstract Cover crops (CC) have been proposed as a promising ecological tool to manage weeds and increase crop productivity. We hypothesized that the repeated use of CC could increase crop yield directly through nitrogen release and/or indirectly through a modification of weed communities. Data were collected on CC biomass, weed biomass, weed community composition, and crop yield during one complete rotation cycle (CC-sunflower-durum wheat-CC-maize-durum wheat) from 2011 to 2015, 18 years after the beginning of a long-term, single-site, split-split plot experiment focusing on tillage systems (conventional (CT) vs. reduced (RT)), nitrogen rates and CC species (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (Bj), Vicia villosa Roth (Vv), Trifolium squarrosum L. (Ts) and a winter baresoil control (C)). Univariate response variables were analyzed with generalized mixed effect models and community data were analyzed with multivariate linear models. During the fallow period, Bj suppressed weed biomass (with respect to C) by 79, 75, 34, and 28 % in CT:2012, RT:2012, CT:2014 and RT: 2014, respectively, whereas Vv only suppressed weed biomass by 69 and 37 % in CT and RT in 2012, respectively. Greater weed suppression for Bj than Vv or Ts at lower levels of CC productivity (200 g dry biomass m−²) was attributed to the importance of CC traits such as nitrophily, allelopathy and/or quick soil coverage. The weed suppressive effect of CC during the fallow period was greater in CT (βslope = −0.28) than in RT (βslope = −0.16), possibly due to contrasted weed flora and/or CC growth dynamics. Tillage and herbicides overrode the potential effect of CC on weed communities in the subsequent crops. The integration of a highly productive legume CC, such as Vv, allowed to increase maize productivity (with respect to C) by 65 % in absence of N fertilisation and by 23 % at the lowest N fertilisation level. CC effects on sunflower and durum wheat yield were limited due to dry weather conditions and quick nitrogen release in time, respectively. These results highlight the importance of legume CC for sustaining crop productivity while reducing nitrogen fertilisation. Further studies need to identify less intensive weed management practices that can complement potential CC effects rather than override them.

中文翻译:

覆盖作物可提高作物生产力,但不会加强基于耕作的种植系统中的杂草管理

摘要 覆盖作物 (CC) 已被提议作为一种有前途的生态工具来管理杂草和提高作物生产力。我们假设重复使用 CC 可以直接通过氮释放和/或通过修改杂草群落间接增加作物产量。在一个完整的轮作周期(CC-向日葵-硬粒小麦-CC-玉米-硬粒小麦)期间收集了 CC 生物量、杂草生物量、杂草群落组成和作物产量的数据,从 2011 年到 2015 年,这是漫长的开始后 18 年。 - 长期、单点、分裂小区试验,重点关注耕作系统(传统 (CT) 与减少 (RT))、氮肥率和 CC 物种(芥菜 (L.) Czern. (Bj)、Vicia villosa Roth) (Vv)、Trifolium squarrosum L. (Ts) 和冬季裸土控制 (C))。用广义混合效应模型分析单变量响应变量,用多元线性模型分析社区数据。在休耕期间,Bj 在 CT:2012、RT:2012、CT:2014 和 RT:2014 中分别抑制了 79%、75%、34% 和 28% 的杂草生物量(相对于 C),而 Vv 仅抑制了杂草生物量2012 年 CT 和 RT 分别增加了 69% 和 37%。在较低水平的 CC 生产力(200 克干生物量 m-²)下,Bj 对 Bj 的杂草抑制比 Vv 或 Ts 更大,这归因于 CC 性状的重要性,例如嗜氮、化感作用和/或快速土壤覆盖。CC 在休耕期间的杂草抑制作用在 CT (βslope = -0.28) 中比在 RT (βslope = -0.16) 中更大,这可能是由于杂草菌群和/或 CC 生长动态不同。耕作和除草剂压倒了 CC 对后续作物中杂草群落的潜在影响。高产豆科植物 CC 的整合,如 Vv,可以在不施氮的情况下将玉米生产力(相对于 C)提高 65%,在最低施氮水平下提高 23%。CC 对向日葵和硬粒小麦产量的影响分别由于干燥的天气条件和及时的快速氮释放而受到限制。这些结果突出了豆科植物 CC 在减少氮肥施用的同时维持作物生产力的重要性。进一步的研究需要确定强度较低的杂草管理实践,以补充潜在的 CC 影响而不是覆盖它们。允许在不施氮的情况下将玉米生产力(相对于 C)提高 65%,在最低施氮水平下提高 23%。CC 对向日葵和硬粒小麦产量的影响分别由于干燥的天气条件和及时的快速氮释放而受到限制。这些结果突出了豆科植物 CC 在减少氮肥施用的同时维持作物生产力的重要性。进一步的研究需要确定强度较低的杂草管理实践,以补充潜在的 CC 影响而不是覆盖它们。允许在不施氮的情况下将玉米生产力(相对于 C)提高 65%,在最低施氮水平下提高 23%。CC 对向日葵和硬粒小麦产量的影响分别由于干燥的天气条件和及时的快速氮释放而受到限制。这些结果突出了豆科植物 CC 在减少氮肥施用的同时维持作物生产力的重要性。进一步的研究需要确定强度较低的杂草管理实践,以补充潜在的 CC 影响而不是覆盖它们。这些结果突出了豆科植物 CC 在减少氮肥施用的同时维持作物生产力的重要性。进一步的研究需要确定强度较低的杂草管理实践,以补充潜在的 CC 影响而不是覆盖它们。这些结果突出了豆科植物 CC 在减少氮肥施用的同时维持作物生产力的重要性。进一步的研究需要确定强度较低的杂草管理实践,以补充潜在的 CC 影响而不是覆盖它们。
更新日期:2021-02-01
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