Abstract The management and treatment of brine (saline wastewater) are of great importance, as its discharge to the environment poses a significant threat. A new strategy called minimal liquid discharge (MLD) appears to be a promising and more cost-effective option than zero liquid discharge (ZLD) as it uses only membrane-based technologies, leading to up to 95% freshwater recovery. This research study introduces and presents for the first time a techno-economic assessment of five MLD treatment schemes that can be implemented in the brine treatment. The technologies included are reverse osmosis (RO), high-pressure RO, forward osmosis (FO), osmotically assisted RO (OARO), and membrane distillation (MD). Results showed that the MLD schemes costs ranged from US$0.79/m3 to US$1.36/m3, while the freshwater recovery ranged from 78% to 89%. In schemes 2 and 5, the implementation of MD substantially increased the energy consumption (>20 kW h/m3), however, these schemes were more economical (

中文翻译：

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用于含盐废水（盐水）管理和处理的最小液体排放 (MLD) 处理系统的技术经济评估

摘要 盐水（含盐废水）的管理和处理非常重要，因为其排放到环境中会构成重大威胁。一种称为最小液体排放 (MLD) 的新策略似乎是比零液体排放 (ZLD) 更有前景且更具成本效益的选择，因为它仅使用基于膜的技术，可实现高达 95% 的淡水回收率。本研究首次介绍并介绍了可在盐水处理中实施的五种 MLD 处理方案的技术经济评估。包括的技术包括反渗透 (RO)、高压 RO、正向渗透 (FO)、渗透辅助 RO (OARO) 和膜蒸馏 (MD)。结果表明，MLD 方案的成本从 0.79 美元/立方米到 1.36 美元/立方米不等，而淡水回收率从 78% 到 89% 不等。