Abstract The present study focuses on the effects of following and opposing steady currents on the interactions of a solitary wave with an array of macro-roughness elements, placed on a berm beach. A series of laboratory experiments and high-fidelity numerical simulations are conducted. The large eddy simulations are carried out using the open source computational fluid dynamics package, OpenFOAM. Wave breaking conditions on the berm are found to be controlled by the intensity of the currents. The opposing currents influence the layer of water rushing up the macro-roughness elements, leading to asymmetric runup patterns. Furthermore, the vortices forming around the elements’ sharp edges, resulting from the interactions of the wave with the elements, are modified to a large extent due to the combined wave and current effect. The elliptical vortex tubes become up to ∼ 20% wider under the effect of the following current flow, whereas their size is reduced by up to ∼ 90% when the opposing currents are present. The following currents enhance the bed shear velocity, leading to intensified bed shear stress zones throughout the macro-roughness environment. On the other hand, the intensification of the bed shear velocity and corresponding stress occurs on the seaside in the presence of opposing currents. Overall, the results indicate that the currents entirely change the hydrodynamics of the interactions between the solitary wave and macro-roughness environment.

中文翻译：

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在稳定电流存在的情况下，孤立波与一系列宏观粗糙度元素的相互作用

摘要 本研究的重点是跟随和反向稳定电流对孤立波与放置在护堤海滩上的一系列宏观粗糙度元素的相互作用的影响。进行了一系列实验室实验和高保真数值模拟。大涡模拟是使用开源计算流体动力学包 OpenFOAM 进行的。发现护堤上的波浪破碎条件受电流强度控制。相反的水流影响水层冲上宏观粗糙度元素，导致不对称的上升模式。此外，由于波与元素的相互作用，在元素的锐利边缘周围形成的涡流在很大程度上由于波和电流的组合效应而被修改。在以下电流的影响下，椭圆形涡流管会变宽约 20%，而当存在相反的电流时，它们的尺寸会减小约 90%。随后的水流提高了床层剪切速度，导致整个宏观粗糙度环境中床层剪切应力区的增强。另一方面，在逆流存在的情况下，在海边发生床剪切速度和相应应力的增强。总体而言，结果表明，电流完全改变了孤立波与宏观粗糙度环境之间相互作用的流体动力学。导致整个宏观粗糙度环境中的床层剪切应力区增强。另一方面，在逆流存在的情况下，在海边发生床剪切速度和相应应力的增强。总体而言，结果表明，电流完全改变了孤立波与宏观粗糙度环境之间相互作用的流体动力学。导致整个宏观粗糙度环境中的床层剪切应力区增强。另一方面，在逆流存在的情况下，在海边发生床剪切速度和相应应力的增强。总体而言，结果表明，电流完全改变了孤立波与宏观粗糙度环境之间相互作用的流体动力学。