Beliefs about the malleability of attributes, also known as mindsets, have been studied for decades in social-personality psychology and education. Here, I review the many applications of mindset theory to clinical psychology and psychotherapy. First, I review social psychological and cognitive neuroscience evidence that mindsets and mindset-related messages are, to a large extent, focused on emotional tolerance. Specifically, the growth mindset, or the belief that attributes are malleable, encourages confronting and tolerating anxiety, frustration, and disappointment in healthy and adaptive ways that promote resilience, whereas the fixed mindset and related messages discourage the experience of these emotions and often leads to helplessness. Second, I review the emerging research on the anxiety mindset and discuss its relevance to clinical work. A model is proposed illustrating connections between mindsets, emotion regulation strategies, treatment preferences, and outcomes. Case examples are used to illustrate practical applications. I conclude that mindsets can inform psychotherapy, research, and public policy.

关于属性可塑性的信念，也称为心态，在社会人格心理学和教育中已经研究了几十年。在这里，我回顾了心态理论在临床心理学和心理治疗中的许多应用。首先，我回顾了社会心理学和认知神经科学的证据，这些证据表明心态和心态相关的信息在很大程度上侧重于情绪容忍度。具体来说，成长心态，或认为属性可塑的信念，鼓励以健康和适应性的方式去面对和容忍焦虑、挫折和失望，从而促进复原力，而固定心态和相关信息会阻碍这些情绪的体验，并经常导致无助。其次，我回顾了关于焦虑心态的新兴研究，并讨论了它与临床工作的相关性。提出了一个模型来说明心态、情绪调节策略、治疗偏好和结果之间的联系。案例用于说明实际应用。我的结论是，心态可以为心理治疗、研究和公共政策提供信息。