Modern life is increasingly made more comfortable, efficient, and sustainable by the smart systems that surround us: smart buildings monitor and adjust temperature levels to achieve occupant comfort while optimizing energy consumption; smart energy grids reconfigure dynamically to make the best use of ad-hoc energy produced by a host of distributed energy producers; smart factories can be reconfigured on the shop-floor to efficiently produce a diverse range of products. These complex systems can only be realized by tightly integrating components in the physical space (sensors, actuators) with advanced software algorithms in the cyber-space, thus creating so-called Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Semantic Web technologies (SWT) have seen a natural uptake in several areas based on CPS, given that CPS are data and knowledge intensive while providing advanced functionalities typical of semantics-based intelligent systems. Yet, so far, this uptake has primarily happened within the boundaries of application domains resulting in somewhat disconnected research communities. In this paper, we take a cross-domain perspective by synthesizing our experiences of using SWTs during the engineering and operation of CPS in smart manufacturing, smart buildings and smart grids. We discuss use cases that are amenable to the use of SWTs, benefits and challenges of using these technologies in the CPS lifecycle as well as emerging future trends. While non-exhaustive, our paper aims at opening up a dialog between these fields and at putting the foundation for a research area on semantics in CPS.

中文翻译：

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网络物理系统的语义：跨域视角

我们周围的智能系统使现代生活变得越来越舒适，高效和可持续。智能建筑可监控和调节温度水平，以在达到最佳舒适度的同时，优化能耗。智能能源网格可以动态地重新配置，以充分利用由众多分布式能源生产商产生的临时能源；可以在车间对智能工厂进行重新配置，以有效地生产各种产品。这些复杂的系统只能通过将物理空间中的组件（传感器，执行器）与网络空间中的高级软件算法紧密集成在一起来实现，从而创建所谓的网络物理系统（CPS）。语义网技术（SWT）在基于CPS的多个领域中已逐渐普及，鉴于CPS是数据和知识密集型产品，同时提供了基于语义的智能系统所特有的高级功能。但是，到目前为止，这种吸收主要发生在应用程序域的边界内，导致研究社区之间有些脱节。在本文中，我们通过综合我们在智能制造，智能建筑和智能电网中CPS的工程设计和运营过程中使用SWT的经验，从跨领域的角度出发。我们将讨论适用于SWT的使用案例，在CPS生命周期中使用这些技术的好处和挑战以及新兴的未来趋势。尽管不是详尽无遗，但本文旨在在这些领域之间展开对话，并为CPS语义研究领域奠定基础。