Limits to mobility are imposed by geography and the speed, access, energy and ergonomic constraints of travel modes, which cannot be manipulated arbitrarily by design or technology. Achieving ‘sustainable, efficient and sufficient’ regional mobility needs thinking in terms of a ‘nexus’ between transport, human settlement and activity, and geography. A travel mode's characteristics and usefulness are defined by its speed and accessibility in space and time. This paper addresses the practical limits on principal modes of personal and collective land movement in the light of technological advances, urban structure and land and resource constraints. It is concluded that personal road vehicles cannot achieve sufficient connectivity in a city-region like the UK's ‘northern powerhouse’ and conventional and high-speed rail have limitations. However, integrated public transport centred on advanced technology such as magnetic levitation could enable radically improved mobility and, combined with corridor-based intensification, could promote sustainability by avoiding the drawbacks of megacities and car-dependent dispersion.

中文翻译：

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区域流动性交通方式的比较分析：案例研究

地理和出行方式的速度、通道、能源和人体工程学限制对移动性施加了限制，这些限制不能通过设计或技术任意操纵。实现“可持续、高效和充分”的区域流动性需要考虑交通、人类住区和活动以及地理之间的“联系”。出行方式的特征和有用性由其在空间和时间上的速度和可达性来定义。鉴于技术进步、城市结构以及土地和资源限制，本文探讨了个人和集体土地流动的主要模式的实际限制。得出的结论是，在英国“北方强国”这样的城市区域，个人道路车辆无法实现足够的连通性，传统和高铁存在局限性。