Historical un-reinforced masonry (URM) buildings in Egypt from the medieval period generally comprise timber tie-rods that link the arches of arcades at the top of the column heads and along the arcade plane (in-plane). Usually, additional tie-rods are found perpendicular to the arcades (out-of-plane). Timber ties can also be used between facing tall URM bearing walls to minimise their buckling vulnerability. They play a considerable role in resisting seismic forces and minimising the deficiencies of URM buildings. A limited experimental investigation and a wide analytical campaign were conducted on two model buildings with the prevailing dimensions and materials of historical medieval buildings in Cairo by employing finite-element three-dimensional modelling. The focus of the work was the roles timber tie-rods play in the seismic stability of parallel-arcaded and cross-arcaded URM historical buildings. A proposal for enhancement of the seismic resistance of parallel-arcaded systems using a steel bracing system is provided.

中文翻译：

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木材拉杆在降低埃及历史建筑抗震脆弱性方面的作用

中世纪时期埃及的历史未加固砖石 (URM) 建筑通常包括连接柱头顶部和拱廊平面（平面内）拱廊拱门的木材系杆。通常，额外的拉杆垂直于拱廊（平面外）。还可以在面对高 URM 承重墙之间使用木系带，以尽量减少其屈曲脆弱性。它们在抵抗地震力和最大限度地减少 URM 建筑物的缺陷方面发挥着重要作用。通过采用有限元三维建模，对两座模型建筑进行了有限的实验调查和广泛的分析活动，这些建筑具有开罗历史中世纪建筑的主要尺寸和材料。这项工作的重点是木材拉杆在平行拱形和交叉拱形 URM 历史建筑的抗震稳定性中的作用。提供了一种使用钢支撑系统提高平行拱形系统抗震能力的建议。