Cycling as a mode of transport avoids the negative external costs of driving such as air pollution, carbon emissions and noise and can also reduce the public health costs associated with physical inactivity. However, increased cycling may also have disadvantages such as increased exposure to air pollution and risk of traffic collisions. A number of studies have developed methods to quantify these health and environmental impacts and shown that the overall impact of increased cycling is positive. However, while minimising travel costs is traditionally the main objective of transport planners, these studies have not included travel cost impacts in their analyses. In this study, the impacts of a modal shift towards cycling are quantified, taking into account health, environmental as well as travel cost impacts. It was found that the health and environmental impacts of increased cycling in Dublin would be strongly positive, mainly due to health benefits of physical activity. When travel costs are also include...

中文翻译：

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城市骑行对健康，环境和旅行成本的影响

骑自行车作为一种运输方式避免了负面的外部驾驶成本，例如空气污染，碳排放和噪音，还可以减少与缺乏运动有关的公共卫生成本。但是，增加骑行也可能具有诸如增加空气污染暴露和交通冲突风险的缺点。许多研究已经开发出量化这些健康和环境影响的方法，并表明增加骑自行车的总体影响是积极的。但是，尽管传统上将旅行成本减至最低是运输计划制定者的主要目标，但这些研究并未将旅行成本影响纳入分析之中。在这项研究中，量化了骑车方式的影响，并考虑了健康，环境以及旅行成本的影响。人们发现，都柏林自行车运动增加对健康和环境的影响将是积极的，这主要是由于体育锻炼对健康有好处。当旅行费用也包括在内时...