Agrifood by-products are a key element within Europe’s sustainable strategies. Valorization and reuse of zero-waste technologies are becoming more popular, and they are commonly named as “second-generation food waste management.” The present study is directed to the valuable extracts of “green” organic compounds from the by-products of fruit and berry/vegetable crops, which can be revalorized in sustainable chemical technology and engineering, namely, in the production of “green” synthesis of nanoparticles and for the inhibition of corrosion and scaling of metals in corrosive media. Numerous types of agrifood by-products (rapeseed pomace, sugar beet pulp, fodder radish cake, grape pomace, and pomegranate peels) were investigated. The waste extracts for corrosion and scale inhibitors of mild steel in tap water were prepared by the conventional extraction method that uses 2-propanol and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Inhibition of scaling and corrosion was investigated in thermal scaling conditions on the surface of the electrode manufactured from mild steel. The LPR technique was applied to measure the corrosion rate, and the scaling rate was determined gravimetrically. The extracts were found to inhibit the corrosion rate 2-3 times, while only radish cake extract inhibited both the corrosion and scaling rates. The waste extracts to produce nanoparticles were prepared by the ultrasound-assisted water extraction with subsequent oxidation by oxygen purge and characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). The aqueous grape pomace and pomegranate peel extracts were screened for total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). The reduction capacity of the extracts was assessed using ferric reducing power (FRAP) and phosphomolybdenum (PM) assays. AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. The particle size of AgNPs ranged between 40 and 50 nm. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs was tested against Escherichia coli using the agar diffusion method and optical density.

中文翻译：

---

餐厨垃圾的增值生产环保的腐蚀防护手段和纳米“绿色”合成

农业副产品是欧洲可持续战略中的关键要素。零浪费技术的评估和再利用正变得越来越流行，它们通常被称为“第二代食物垃圾管理”。本研究针对水果和浆果/蔬菜作物副产品中的“绿色”有机化合物的有价值的提取物，可以在可持续的化学技术和工程中，即在生产“绿色”的有机合成物时对其进行重新估价。纳米颗粒，用于抑制腐蚀性介质中的金属腐蚀和结垢。研究了多种类型的农业副产品（油菜渣，甜菜浆，饲料萝卜糕，葡萄渣和石榴皮）。通过常规萃取方法（使用2-丙醇）并通过气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）进行表征，制备了自来水中的低碳钢腐蚀缓蚀剂和阻垢剂。在低碳钢制成的电极表面上的热氧化皮条件下，研究了对氧化皮和腐蚀的抑制作用。使用LPR技术测量腐蚀速率，并通过重量分析确定结垢速率。发现提取物可抑制腐蚀速率2-3倍，而仅萝卜糕提取物可同时抑制腐蚀和结垢速率。通过超声辅助水提取制备提取物以产生纳米颗粒，然后通过氧气吹扫将其氧化，并通过液相色谱-质谱（LC-MS）进行表征。筛选葡萄渣和石榴皮提取物中的总酚含量（TPC）和总黄酮含量（TFC）。使用铁还原能力（FRAP）和磷钼（PM）分析评估提取物的还原能力。通过紫外-可见光谱，动态光散射（DLS），傅立叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR），扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和能量色散X射线光谱（EDX）分析来表征AgNP。AgNPs的粒径在40至50 nm之间。测试了AgNPs的抗微生物活性 通过紫外-可见光谱，动态光散射（DLS），傅立叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR），扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和能量色散X射线光谱（EDX）分析来表征AgNP。AgNPs的粒径在40至50 nm之间。测试了AgNPs的抗微生物活性 通过紫外-可见光谱，动态光散射（DLS），傅立叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR），扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和能量色散X射线光谱（EDX）分析来表征AgNP。AgNPs的粒径在40至50 nm之间。测试了AgNPs的抗微生物活性大肠杆菌采用琼脂扩散法和光密度法。