According to European Landscape Convention, the term Landscape means an area whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and human factors. The equilibrium between these forces is mandatory to preserve this heritage implementing a good land protection and conservation policy that implies many professional figures like agronomists and soil scientists. Italian territory includes different physiographic regions in which many human activities, especially agriculture, differently operated through the time. From a pedological point of view, by agriculture, man is a soil forming force that may cause soil changes through direct interventions such as manuring, liming, ploughing, fertilization, irrigation and through indirect interventions such as relief and drainage modification that change moisture regimes, and reclamation of natural soils after their deforestation. Unfortunately, great part of Italian land, especially the rural areas, is prone to water erosion and floods, which are considered the most critical forms of soil degradation in the European Community. With soil erosion, also crop quality and biodiversity are jeopardized. During time the topic of soil water erosion on cultivated land has received much concern, due to both the increase of problems caused by the erosion itself and the significant environmental and economic consequences. In Italy, erosion has been a problem since the Greek invasion (X century b.C.) and Roman scientists developed land setting to reduce it. However, it was from the XVIII century that agronomists gave their maximum contribution to mitigate erosion, developing a variety of land settings suitable for many pedoclimatic and geomorphic conditions. Further, if erosion may affect hill and mountain territories, bottom valley and plain soils are often threatened by water stagnation due to impeded drainage. Also in these cases, different in function of their physiographic conditions, several land set-up systems were adopted to promote water discharge and diversify the crops. This special issue recollects the most diffused and smart land settings adopted in the Italian territories, providing scientific information on their use and efficacy; when this is impossible because of the lack of experimentation, reflecting on the value of land settings on the base of the actual knowledge on the environment where they were applied. In addition, the aim is to highlighted the contribution of land set-up systems to improving the available soil water content and discuss the efforts of agronomists and soil scientists to find a balance between soil management techniques to combat erosion and to promote water conservation. We also report evidences on how the technological development (mechanisation) and agricultural development policies (need of crop intensification and specialisation, subsidies for the production of certain crops, etc.) have affected agricultural systems and, at the same time, land set-up systems over time. The aim of this special issue is reported experiences to mitigate erosion and water shortage with the hope they can be adopted in environments like those where they were developed starting from outcome of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) on Global, European and Italian Soil Partnership experiences to improve soil and water conservation by sustainable soil management practices. Furthermore, several contributions present in this work come from the Global Symposium on Soil Erosion (GSER19), ‘Stop soil erosion, Save our future’ was held from 15-17 May 2019, at the UN FAO Headquarters in Rome, Italy. This science-policy meeting was coorganized by the UN FAO and its Global Soil Partnership (GSP), the Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils (ITPS), together with the Science-Policy Interface (SPI) of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and the Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. The objective of GSER 19 was to establish a common platform to present and discuss the latest information on the status of interventions and innovations in the field of soil erosion and related land management. Potential topics this special issue include but are not limited to the following: i) land set-up systems devoted to soil and water conservation in different Italian lands – mountain, hill, plain; ii) possible focus on soil types, soil orders, implications, effects; iii) importance of coupling land set-up systems and soil managements – examples in different physiographic agro-ecosystems; iv) effect of agronomic and economic development affecting farming systems, land organisation, and land setting systems. Correspondence: Filiberto Altobelli, CREA Research Centre for Agricultural Policies and Bioeconomy, via Po 14, 00198 Rome, Italy. Tel.: +39.06.47856568. E-mail: filiberto.altobelli@crea.gov.it

中文翻译：

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土地设置系统及其他：土壤管理对水土保持的影响与各种土壤气候环境和耕作系统有关

根据欧洲景观公约，“景观”一词是指其特征是自然和人为因素作用和相互作用的结果的区域。这些力量之间的平衡是强制性的，以保护这一遗产，实施良好的土地保护和保护政策，这意味着许多专业人士，如农学家和土壤科学家。意大利领土包括不同的自然地理区域，其中许多人类活动，尤其是农业活动，随着时间的推移而不同。从土壤学的角度来看，在农业方面，人是一种土壤形成力量，可以通过直接干预（例如施肥、施石灰、耕作、施肥、灌溉）和间接干预（例如改变水分状况的缓解和排水改造）来引起土壤变化，和开垦森林砍伐后的天然土壤。不幸的是，意大利的大部分土地，尤其是农村地区，容易发生水蚀和洪水，这被认为是欧洲共同体土壤退化的最严重形式。随着土壤侵蚀，作物质量和生物多样性也受到威胁。长期以来，耕地土壤水蚀问题备受关注，既有侵蚀本身带来的问题增多，也有显着的环境和经济后果。在意大利，自希腊入侵（公元前 X 世纪）以来，侵蚀一直是一个问题，罗马科学家开发了土地环境以减少侵蚀。然而，从十八世纪开始，农学家为减轻侵蚀做出了最大的贡献，开发适合许多土壤气候和地貌条件的各种土地环境。此外，如果侵蚀可能影响丘陵和山区领土，底部山谷和平原土壤往往会因排水不畅而受到水停滞的威胁。同样在这些情况下，由于其地理条件的功能不同，采用了几种土地设置系统来促进排水和使作物多样化。本期特刊回顾了意大利领土上采用的最分散和最智能的土地环境，提供有关其使用和功效的科学信息；当由于缺乏实验而无法做到这一点时，根据应用环境的实际知识反思土地环境的价值。此外，目的是强调土地整备系统对提高可用土壤含水量的贡献，并讨论农学家和土壤科学家在土壤管理技术之间寻找平衡以对抗侵蚀和促进水资源保护的努力。我们还报告了技术发展（机械化）和农业发展政策（作物集约化和专业化的需要、对某些作物生产的补贴等）如何影响农业系统以及土地设置的证据随着时间的推移系统。本期特刊的目的是报道减轻侵蚀和缺水的经验，希望它们可以在环境中采用，例如从粮食及农业组织 (FAO) 在全球范围内的成果开始开发它们的环境，欧洲和意大利土壤伙伴关系通过可持续土壤管理实践改善水土保持的经验。此外，这项工作中的一些贡献来自于 2019 年 5 月 15 日至 17 日在意大利罗马联合国粮农组织总部举行的全球土壤侵蚀研讨会 (GSER19)，即“阻止土壤侵蚀，拯救我们的未来”。本次科学政策会议由联合国粮农组织及其全球土壤伙伴关系 (GSP)、政府间土壤技术小组 (ITPS) 以及联合国防治荒漠化公约 (UNCCD) 的科学政策接口 (SPI) 共同举办，以及粮农组织/国际原子能机构粮食和农业核技术联合计划。GSER 19 的目标是建立一个共同平台，以展示和讨论有关土壤侵蚀和相关土地管理领域干预和创新状况的最新信息。本期特刊的潜在主题包括但不限于以下内容： i) 专门用于意大利不同土地（山地、丘陵、平原）水土保持的土地设置系统；ii) 可能关注土壤类型、土壤顺序、影响、影响；iii) 耦合土地设置系统和土壤管理的重要性——不同自然地理农业生态系统中的例子；iv) 农艺和经济发展对耕作系统、土地组织和土地设置系统的影响。通讯：Filiberto Altobelli，CREA 农业政策和生物经济研究中心，通过 Po 14，00198 罗马，意大利。电话：+39.06.47856568。电子邮箱：filiberto.altobelli@crea.gov.it