The climate of east-central Europe (ECE) is the result of a combination of influences originating in the wider North Atlantic realm, the Mediterranean Sea, and the western Asian and Siberian regions. Previous studies have shown that the complex interplay between the large-scale atmospheric patterns across the region results in strongly dissimilar summer and winter conditions on timescales ranging from decades to millennia. To put these into a wider context, long-term climate reconstructions are required, but, largely due to historical reasons, these are lacking in ECE. We address these issues by presenting a high-resolution, radiocarbon-dated record of summer temperature variations during the last millennium in ECE, based on stable isotope analysis of a 4.84 m long ice core extracted from Focul Viu Ice Cave (Western Carpathians, Romania). Comparisons with both instrumental and proxy-based data indicate that the stable isotope composition of cave ice records the changes in summer air temperature and has a similar temporal evolution to that of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on decadal to multidecadal timescales, suggesting that changes in the North Atlantic are transferred, likely via atmospheric processes towards the wider Northern Hemisphere. On centennial timescales, the data show little summer temperature differences between the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age (LIA) in eastern Europe. These findings are contrary to those that show a marked contrast between the two periods in terms of both winter and annual air temperatures, suggesting that cooling during the LIA was primarily the result of wintertime climatic changes.

中文翻译：

---

洞穴冰中的稳定同位素表明，欧洲中东部的夏季温度与大西洋多年代际涛动的变化有关

欧洲中东部（ECE）的气候是来自北大西洋，地中海和西亚及西伯利亚地区的多种因素共同作用的结果。先前的研究表明，该地区大规模大气模式之间复杂的相互作用导致了从几十年到几千年的时间尺度上的夏季和冬季条件截然不同。为了将这些纳入更广泛的背景，需要长期的气候重建，但很大程度上由于历史原因，欧洲经委会缺乏这些重建。我们通过对从Focul Viu冰洞（罗马尼亚西喀尔巴阡山脉）提取的4.84 m长冰芯进行稳定同位素分析，提出了欧洲经委会最后一个千年中夏季温度变化的高分辨率，放射性碳记录的记录，以解决这些问题。 。与仪器数据和基于代理数据的比较表明，洞穴冰的稳定同位素组成记录了夏季气温的变化，并且在年代际到多年代际尺度上与大西洋多年代际涛动的时间演变相似，这表明北半球的变化大西洋可能通过大气过程转移到了更广阔的北半球。在百年时间尺度上，数据显示东欧中世纪中世纪期（MWP）与小冰期（LIA）之间的夏季温度差异很小。这些发现与在冬季和年度气温方面在两个时期之间显示出明显对比的发现相反，这表明LIA期间的降温主要是冬季气候变化的结果。