Optional tool use: The case of wild bearded capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus) cracking cashew nuts by biting or by using percussors,American Journal of Primatology

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Optional tool use: The case of wild bearded capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus) cracking cashew nuts by biting or by using percussors
American Journal of Primatology ( IF 2.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-12-10 , DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23221
Elisabetta Visalberghi ₁ , Virginia Barca _{1,

2} , Patricia Izar ₃ , Dorothy Fragaszy ₄ , Valentina Truppa ₁

Affiliation

Tool use in humans can be optional, that is, the same person can use different tools or no tool to achieve a given goal. Strategies to reach the same goal may differ across individuals and cultures and at the intra‐individual level. This is the first experimental study at the intra‐individual level on the optional use of a tool in wild nonhuman primates. We investigated optional tool use by wild bearded capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus) of Fazenda Boa Vista (FBV; Piauí, Brazil). These monkeys habitually succeed in cracking open the mesocarp of dry cashew nuts (Anacardium spp.) by pounding them with stones and/or by biting. We assessed whether availability of a stone and resistance of the nut affected capuchins' choice to pound or to bite the nuts and their rates of success. Sixteen capuchins (1–16 years) received small and large dry cashew nuts by an anvil together with a stone (Stone condition) or without a stone (No‐Stone condition). In the Stone conditions, subjects used it to crack the nut in 89.1% (large nuts) and 90.1% (small nut) of the trials. Nut size significantly affected the number of strikes used to open it. Availability of the stone significantly increased the average percent of success. In the No‐Stone conditions, monkeys searched for and used other percussors to crack the nuts in 54% of trials. In all conditions, age affects percentage of success and number of strikes to reach success. We argue that exclusive use of stones in other sites may be due to the higher abundance of stones at these sites compared with FBV. Since capuchins opened cashews with a tool 1–2 years earlier than they succeed at cracking more resistant palm nuts, we suggest that success at opening cashew nuts with percussors may support the monkeys' persistent efforts to crack palm nuts.

中文翻译：

可选工具的使用：通过咬咬或用打击乐器将野生胡须卷尾猴（Sapajus libidinosus）开裂腰果的情况

在人类中使用工具可以是可选的，也就是说，同一个人可以使用不同的工具，也可以不使用任何工具来实现给定的目标。达到同一目标的策略可能因个人和文化而异，而且在个体内部也可能有所不同。这是首次在个体内部进行的关于在野生非人类灵长类动物中选择性使用工具的实验研究。我们调查了Fazenda Boa Vista（FBV；巴西Piauí）的野生胡子卷尾猴（Sapajus libidinosus）使用的可选工具。这些猴子习惯上成功地打开了腰果干的中果皮（Anacardiumspp。），用石头敲打和/或咬伤。我们评估了结石的可用性和坚果的抵抗性是否影响了连斗帽女大衣敲打或咬住坚果的选择及其成功率。16个卷尾猴（1-16年）由砧木和石头（石头条件）或没有石头（无石头条件）一起接受大小不同的干腰果。在“石头”条件下，受试者使用它在89.1％（大螺母）和90.1％（小螺母）的试验中使螺母破裂。螺母尺寸会显着影响用于打开螺母的行程数。石头的可用性大大提高了成功的平均百分比。在No-Stone条件下，有54％的试验中，猴子搜寻并使用其他敲击器使坚果破裂。在所有情况下，年龄都会影响成功百分比和达到成功的警示次数。我们认为，与FBV相比，在其他地点专门使用石头可能是由于这些地点的石头含量较高。由于卷尾猴比成功破解更耐久的棕榈果要早1-2年用工具打开腰果，因此我们建议成功地用打击乐器打开腰果可能支持猴子们不断努力破解棕榈果。

更新日期：2021-01-04

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