Abstract

Context

Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae), or saffron, has been used as food additives and spices. In the traditional medicine of Iran, C. sativus has been used for the treatment of liver disorders, coughs, and as an anti-inflammatory agent for eyes.

Objective

The current study reviewed the possible therapeutic effects of C. sativus stigma and its petal flavonoid (kaempferol) on respiratory disorders with several mechanisms such as anti-inflammatory, and smooth muscle relaxant effects.

Materials and methods

This review article searched databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, up to November 2019. The keywords including; ‘Crocus sativus’, ‘saffron’, ‘kaempferol’, ‘airway inflammation’, and ‘smooth muscle relaxant’ were searched.

Results

C. sativus reduced nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels and inflammatory cytokines in the lung tissue. Saffron and kaempferol reduced white blood cells (WBCs) and the percentage of neutrophils and eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Moreover, saffron reduced tracheal responsiveness to methacholine and ovalbumin on tracheal smooth muscles. In addition, kaempferol reduced the total leukocyte and eosinophil counts similar to the effect of dexamethasone and also showed relaxant effects on smooth muscle.

Discussion and conclusion

Crocus sativus and its petal flavonoid, kaempferol, showed relatively potent therapeutic effects on respiratory disorders by relaxation of tracheal smooth muscles via stimulatory or blocking effects on β-adrenoceptor and muscarinic receptors, respectively. Saffron and kaempferol also decreased production of NO, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in respiratory systems.

中文翻译：

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番红花柱头及其花瓣黄酮，山ka酚对呼吸系统疾病的可能治疗作用

摘要

语境

番红花（鸢尾科）或藏红花已被用作食品添加剂和香料。在伊朗的传统医学中，梭状芽胞杆菌已被用于治疗肝脏疾病，咳嗽以及用作眼睛的消炎药。

目的

当前的研究综述了葡萄球菌柱头及其花瓣黄酮类化合物（山奈酚）对呼吸系统疾病的可能治疗作用，包括抗炎和平滑肌松弛等多种机制。

材料和方法

这篇评论文章搜索了截至2019年11月的数据库，包括PubMed，Google Scholar和ScienceDirect。搜索“番红花”，“藏红花”，“山奈酚”，“气道炎症”和“平滑肌松弛剂”。

结果

梭状芽胞杆菌降低了肺组织中的一氧化氮（NO），诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）水平和炎性细胞因子。藏红花和山emp酚可减少支气管肺泡灌洗液中的白细胞（WBC）以及中性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞的百分比。此外，藏红花降低了气管平滑肌上气管对乙酰甲胆碱和卵清蛋白的反应性。此外，山奈酚减少了总白细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞的数量，类似于地塞米松的作用，并且对平滑肌也显示出松弛作用。

讨论和结论

番红花及其花瓣中的类黄酮山ka酚通过分别对β-肾上腺素能受体和毒蕈碱受体的刺激或阻断作用，使气管平滑肌松弛，从而对呼吸系统疾病表现出相对有效的治疗作用。藏红花和山奈酚也可减少呼吸系统中NO，炎性细胞因子和趋化因子的产生。