Conflict with humans is one of the major threats facing the world's remaining large carnivore populations, and understanding human attitudes is key to improving coexistence. We surveyed people living near Hwange National Park about their attitudes toward coexisting with lions. We used ordinal regression models with the results of the survey to investigate the importance of a range of tangible and intangible factors on attitudes. The variables investigated included the costs and benefits of wildlife presence, emotion, culture, religion, vulnerability, risk perception, notions of responsibility, and personal value orientations. This was for the purpose of effectively tailoring conservation efforts but also for ethical policy making. Intangible factors (e.g., fear and ecocentric values) were as important as, if not more important than, tangible factors (such as livestock losses) for understanding attitudes, based on the effect sizes of these variables. The degree to which participants’ fear of lions interfered with their daily activities was the most influential variable. The degree to which benefits accrue to households from the nearby protected area was also highly influential, as was number of livestock lost, number of dependents, ecocentric value orientation, and participation in conflict mitigation programs. Contrary to what is often assumed, metrics of livestock loss did not dominate attitudes to coexistence with lions. Furthermore, we found that socioeconomic variables may appear important when studied in isolation, but their effect may disappear when controlling for variables related to beliefs, perceptions, and past experiences. This raises questions about the widespread reliance on socioeconomic variables in the field of human–wildlife conflict and coexistence. To facilitate coexistence with large carnivores, we recommend measures that reduce fear (through education and through protective measures that reduce the need to be fearful), reduction of livestock losses, and ensuring local communities benefit from conservation. Ecocentric values also emerged as influential, highlighting the need to develop conservation initiatives tailored to local values.

中文翻译：

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有形和无形因素在人与食肉动物共存中的重要性

与人类的冲突是世界上剩余的大型食肉动物种群面临的主要威胁之一，了解人类的态度是改善共存的关键。我们调查了居住在万基国家公园附近的人们对与狮子共存的态度。我们使用带有调查结果的有序回归模型来调查一系列有形和无形因素对态度的重要性。调查的变量包括野生动物存在的成本和收益、情感、文化、宗教、脆弱性、风险感知、责任观念和个人价值取向。这是为了有效地调整保护工作的目的，也是为了制定道德政策。无形因素（例如，恐惧和以生态为中心的价值观）与 基于这些变量的影响大小，了解态度的有形因素（例如牲畜损失）。参与者对狮子的恐惧对他们日常活动的干扰程度是最具影响力的变量。附近保护区的家庭收益增加的程度也具有很高的影响力，损失的牲畜数量、受抚养人的数量、以生态为中心的价值取向以及对冲突缓解计划的参与也是如此。与通常的假设相反，牲畜损失的指标并没有主导与狮子共存的态度。此外，我们发现社会经济变量在单独研究时可能看起来很重要，但在控制与信念、感知和过去经验相关的变量时，它们的影响可能会消失。这引发了关于人类与野生动物冲突和共存领域广泛依赖社会经济变量的问题。为了促进与大型食肉动物的共存，我们建议采取减少恐惧的措施（通过教育和通过减少恐惧需要的保护措施）、减少牲畜损失并确保当地社区从保护中受益。以生态为中心的价值观也变得具有影响力，突出了制定适合当地价值观的保护举措的必要性。和当地确保社区受益于保护。以生态为中心的价值观也变得具有影响力，突出了制定适合当地价值观的保护举措的必要性。和当地确保社区受益于保护。以生态为中心的价值观也变得具有影响力，突出了制定适合当地价值观的保护举措的必要性。