In most industrialized countries, the buildings sector is the largest contributor to energy consumption and associated carbon emissions. These emissions can be reduced by a combination of energy efficiency and the use of building integrated renewables. Additionally, either singularly or as a group, buildings can provide energy network services by timing their use and production of energy. Such grid-aware or grid-responsive buildings have been termed Active Buildings. The recent UK Government investment of £36m in the Active Building Centre is a demonstration that such buildings are of considerable interest. One problem with the concept, however, is that there is no clear definition of Active Buildings, nor a building code to design or research against. Here we develop and test an initial novel code, called ABCode1. It is based on the need to encourage: (i) the minimisation of energy consumption; (ii) building-integrated generation; (iii) the provision of grid services; and (iv) the minimisation of embodied carbon. For grid services, we find that a lack of a precise, quantifiable measure, or definition, of such services means that for the time being, theoretical hours of autonomy of the building is the most reasonable proxy for these services within such a code.

Practical application

Buildings have a special role in the transition to a sustainable energy infrastructure and a decarbonised society. They can become an active part of energy networks by leveraging strategies and technologies that are already available, but are not yet articulated in an integrated scheme that facilitates their uptake at scale. This work provides a review of the issues and opportunities, and introduces a practical framework aimed at helping designers and researchers study and deliver such buildings, and in particular the buildings that will form the exemplars in the first wave of Active Buildings.

中文翻译：

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面向现役建筑：对电网服务建筑进行评级

在大多数工业化国家中，建筑业是能源消耗和相关碳排放的最大贡献者。结合能源效率和建筑一体化可再生能源的使用，可以减少这些排放。此外，建筑物可以单独或作为一个整体，通过定时使用和生产能源来提供能源网络服务。这样的具有网格意识或响应网格的建筑物被称为活动建筑物。英国政府最近对活动建筑中心投资3600万英镑，这表明此类建筑备受关注。但是，该概念存在一个问题，即没有明确的活动建筑物定义，也没有要设计或研究的建筑物规范。在这里，我们开发并测试了称为ABCode1的初始新颖代码。它基于需要鼓励：（i）最小化能耗；（ii）建筑一体化发电；（iii）提供电网服务；（iv）尽量减少所含碳。对于网格服务，我们发现此类服务缺乏精确，可量化的度量或定义，这意味着暂时而言，建筑物的理论自治时间是此类代码中这些服务的最合理代理。

实际应用

建筑物在向可持续能源基础设施和脱碳社会的过渡中具有特殊作用。通过利用现有的策略和技术，它们可以成为能源网络的积极组成部分，但尚未以有助于促进其大规模采用的综合方案中阐明的策略和技术。这项工作对这些问题和机遇进行了回顾，并介绍了一个实用的框架，旨在帮助设计师和研究人员研究和交付此类建筑物，尤其是将成为第一批活跃建筑物范例的建筑物。