Abstract The channels of the main rivers in the Kłodzko County, South West Poland, have been strongly influenced by human activities since the end of the nineteenth century. The reasons, type, and time frame of these changes are very similar to those which occurred in other European mountain regions but the magnitude is different. Kłodzko County is an area with a well-developed river network. Since the Middle Ages, human activities were noticed in the river valleys of this region. The main cause of the most anthropogenic transformations of the river channels was changes in the volume of sediment supply and, thus, the channel load and its erosive and transport capacities. The ultimate effects of human impact are manifested in the changes of channel pattern, depth and sinuosity, and the location of erosion and accumulation zones. Morphological transformations are most intensive immediately after the regulation works. The influence of channel training is noticeable; however, there is no clear correlation between the occurrence of engineering structures and the development of channel forms. The channel changes are mostly local. The highest efficiency of channel processes is observed in the direct vicinity of the damming objects and in the peripheral fragments of bank-protection structures. Below the damming structures, the rate of channel downcutting increases because of sediment retention in dam and weir reservoirs, and above the transversal structures bed aggradation takes place; lateral erosion intensifies below the bank reinforcements, and sediment shadows are common below the transversal structures. The types of morphological changes observed in the regulated channels of the Kłodzko County are in most cases similar to the effects of training works in other mountain river systems in Poland and around the world; however, the scale of morphological influence is much smaller, which indicates greater stability of the river channels of the Sudetes than the Carpathian and Alpine river channels.

中文翻译：

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河流训练对侵蚀和堆积区位置的影响（波兰西南部克沃兹科县）

摘要 波兰西南部克沃兹科县主要河流的河道自 19 世纪末以来一直受到人类活动的强烈影响。这些变化的原因、类型和时间框架与欧洲其他山区发生的变化非常相似，但幅度不同。克沃兹科县是一个河网发达的地区。自中世纪以来，该地区的河谷就已注意到人类活动。河道大部分人为变化的主要原因是沉积物供应量的变化，因此，河道负荷及其侵蚀和运输能力发生了变化。人类影响的最终影响表现在河道格局、深度和曲度的变化，以及侵蚀和堆积带的位置。形态转换在调节工作后立即最为密集。渠道培训影响显着；然而，工程结构的发生与渠道形态的发展之间没有明显的相关性。频道变化主要是局部的。在筑坝对象的直接附近和堤岸保护结构的外围碎片中观察到通道过程的最高效率。在坝体结构以下，由于坝体和堰坝水库中的泥沙滞留，河道下切速率增加，在横向结构体上方发生河床加积；岸边加固下方的侧向侵蚀加剧，横向结构下方常见沉积物阴影。在克沃兹科县受调节的河道中观察到的形态变化类型在大多数情况下与波兰和世界其他山区河流系统中的训练效果相似；然而，形态影响的规模要小得多，这表明苏台德河道比喀尔巴阡河和高山河道具有更大的稳定性。