Using literature data and material from this author’s large-scale landscape-ecological research, an analysis is made of the impact of global anthropogenic warming over the last 100 years on the state of the forest geosystems of the Volga basin. In mixed forests, a nemoralization of the grass stand was revealed, with a decrease in the number of boreal species, and in oak forests—a massive desiccation of oak. It is found that on the southern border of the forest zone there occurs a partial replacement of forest-steppe vegetation with northern-steppe vegetation, this latter being substituted by dry-steppe vegetation. As a result, gray forest soils and common chernozems have persisted as northern relics. In the A1 soil horizon, the fractional composition of humus has changed, which indicates a change of the podzolic soil-forming process by the sodding process. At the main landscape line of the Russian Plain along the Oka and Volga valleys, a peculiar three-dimensional biogeographic ecotone was formed as a result of the transgression of different vegetation types: the taiga, nemoral forest and steppe types, along different biological horizons. Significant changes in the structure of hydrothermal niches of forest biogeocoenoses occurred on zonal ecotones of forests and steppes: the shift of dominants to an arid critical state of forests as well as the emergence of negative excesses and even “gaps” in the structure of niches. All these signs point to the beginning of massive structural and functional restructuring of forest geosystems in the Volga basin. Within the next 100 years, we can assume a certain “savanization” of mesophilic deciduous forests and their closure with a common mosaic complex of light forests, meadows and steppes of typical forest-steppe. This will occur against the background of instability of zonal boundaries.

中文翻译：

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当代全球变暖对伏尔加河流域森林地质系统的生态影响

利用作者大规模景观生态研究的文献数据和材料，分析了过去 100 年来全球人为变暖对伏尔加盆地森林地质系统状况的影响。在混交林中，随着北方物种数量的减少，以及在橡树林中——橡树的大量干燥，草丛出现了归化现象。发现在森林带的南部边界，森林草原植被被北部草原植被部分取代，后者被干草原植被所取代。结果，灰色的森林土壤和常见的黑钙土作为北方遗迹一直存在。在 A1 土壤层中，腐殖质的分数组成发生了变化，这表明草皮过程改变了灰化土形成过程。在奥卡河谷和伏尔加河谷沿线的俄罗斯平原主要景观线上，由于针叶林、森林和草原类型等不同植被类型沿不同生物层位的侵占，形成了奇特的三维生物地理交错带。森林和草原带状交错带发生了森林生物地球群落热液生态位结构的显着变化：优势向森林干旱临界状态的转变，以及生态位结构中出现负过剩甚至“缺口”。所有这些迹象都表明伏尔加盆地森林地质系统大规模结构和功能重组的开始。在接下来的 100 年内，我们可以假设中温落叶林有一定程度的“savization”，它们被典型森林草原的浅色森林、草地和大草原组成的普通马赛克复合体关闭。这将在地带边界不稳定的背景下发生。