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Physicochemical characterization and genotoxicity of the broad class of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers used or produced in U.S. facilities
Particle and Fibre Toxicology ( IF 10 ) Pub Date : 2020-12-07 , DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00392-w
Kelly Fraser 1, 2 , Vamsi Kodali 1, 2 , Naveena Yanamala 1, 2 , M Eileen Birch 3 , Lorenzo Cena 4 , Gary Casuccio 5 , Kristin Bunker 5 , Traci L Lersch 5 , Douglas E Evans 3 , Aleksandr Stefaniak 6 , Mary Ann Hammer 1 , Michael L Kashon 1 , Theresa Boots 1 , Tracy Eye 1 , John Hubczak 1, 2 , Sherri A Friend 1 , Matthew Dahm 7 , Mary K Schubauer-Berigan 7, 8 , Katelyn Siegrist 1 , David Lowry 1 , Alison K Bauer 9 , Linda M Sargent 1 , Aaron Erdely 1, 2
Affiliation  

Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers (CNT/F) have known toxicity but simultaneous comparative studies of the broad material class, especially those with a larger diameter, with computational analyses linking toxicity to their fundamental material characteristics was lacking. It was unclear if all CNT/F confer similar toxicity, in particular, genotoxicity. Nine CNT/F (MW #1–7 and CNF #1–2), commonly found in exposure assessment studies of U.S. facilities, were evaluated with reported diameters ranging from 6 to 150 nm. All materials were extensively characterized to include distributions of physical dimensions and prevalence of bundled agglomerates. Human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to the nine CNT/F (0–24 μg/ml) to determine cell viability, inflammation, cellular oxidative stress, micronuclei formation, and DNA double-strand breakage. Computational modeling was used to understand various permutations of physicochemical characteristics and toxicity outcomes. Analyses of the CNT/F physicochemical characteristics illustrate that using detailed distributions of physical dimensions provided a more consistent grouping of CNT/F compared to using particle dimension means alone. In fact, analysis of binning of nominal tube physical dimensions alone produced a similar grouping as all characterization parameters together. All materials induced epithelial cell toxicity and micronuclei formation within the dose range tested. Cellular oxidative stress, DNA double strand breaks, and micronuclei formation consistently clustered together and with larger physical CNT/F dimensions and agglomerate characteristics but were distinct from inflammatory protein changes. Larger nominal tube diameters, greater lengths, and bundled agglomerate characteristics were associated with greater severity of effect. The portion of tubes with greater nominal length and larger diameters within a sample was not the majority in number, meaning a smaller percentage of tubes with these characteristics was sufficient to increase toxicity. Many of the traditional physicochemical characteristics including surface area, density, impurities, and dustiness did not cluster with the toxicity outcomes. Distributions of physical dimensions provided more consistent grouping of CNT/F with respect to toxicity outcomes compared to means only. All CNT/F induced some level of genotoxicity in human epithelial cells. The severity of toxicity was dependent on the sample containing a proportion of tubes with greater nominal lengths and diameters.

中文翻译:

美国工厂使用或生产的各类碳纳米管和纳米纤维的理化特性和遗传毒性

碳纳米管和纳米纤维(CNT / F)具有已知的毒性,但缺乏同时进行广泛材料类别(尤其是直径较大的材料)的对比研究,以及将毒性与其基本材料特性联系起来的计算分析。尚不清楚是否所有的CNT / F都具有相似的毒性,特别是遗传毒性。在美国设施的暴露评估研究中常见的九种CNT / F(MW#1-7和CNF#1-2)被评估为报告的直径范围为6至150 nm。所有材料均经过广泛表征,包括物理尺寸分布和成束附聚物的普遍性。将人支气管上皮细胞暴露于9种CNT / F(0-24μg/ ml),以确定细胞活力,炎症,细胞氧化应激,微核形成和DNA双链断裂。计算模型用于了解理化特性和毒性结果的各种排列。CNT / F物理化学特征的分析表明,与单独使用颗粒尺寸方法相比,使用物理尺寸的详细分布可以提供更一致的CNT / F分组。实际上,仅对标称管物理尺寸的装箱分析就可以将所有表征参数归类为相似的分组。在所测试的剂量范围内,所有材料均诱导上皮细胞毒性和微核形成。细胞氧化应激,DNA双链断裂和微核形成始终聚集在一起,并具有较大的CNT / F物理尺寸和团聚特征,但与炎症性蛋白质变化不同。较大的标称管直径 更大的长度和捆绑的附聚物特征与更大的效果严重程度相关。样品中标称长度较大和直径较大的试管部分不是多数,这意味着具有这些特征的试管的较小百分比足以增加毒性。许多传统的物理化学特性,包括表面积,密度,杂质和尘土,均与毒性结果不符。物理尺寸的分布与毒性结果相比,提供了更一致的CNT / F分组,关于毒性结果。所有的CNT / F都会在人上皮细胞中引起一定程度的遗传毒性。毒性的严重程度取决于样品中含有一定比例的标称长度和直径较大的试管。和捆绑的附聚物特征与更大的效果严重程度相关。样品中标称长度较大和直径较大的试管部分不是多数,这意味着具有这些特征的试管的较小百分比足以增加毒性。许多传统的物理化学特性,包括表面积,密度,杂质和尘土,均与毒性结果不符。物理尺寸的分布与毒性结果相比,提供了更一致的CNT / F分组,关于毒性结果。所有的CNT / F都会在人上皮细胞中引起一定程度的遗传毒性。毒性的严重程度取决于样品中含有一定比例的标称长度和直径较大的试管。和捆绑的附聚物特征与更大的效果严重程度相关。样品中标称长度较大和直径较大的试管部分不是多数,这意味着具有这些特征的试管的较小百分比足以增加毒性。许多传统的物理化学特性,包括表面积,密度,杂质和尘土,均与毒性结果不符。物理尺寸的分布与毒性结果相比,提供了更一致的CNT / F分组,关于毒性结果。所有的CNT / F都会在人上皮细胞中引起一定程度的遗传毒性。毒性的严重程度取决于样品中含有一定比例的标称长度和直径较大的试管。
更新日期:2020-12-07
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