Hypertension affects approximately 1.13 billion adults worldwide and is the leading global risk factor for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and kidney diseases. There is emerging evidence that extracellular vesicles participate in the development and progression of hypertension. Extracellular vesicles are membrane-enclosed structures released from nearly all types of eukaryotic cells. During their formation, extracellular vesicles incorporate various parent cell components, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that can be transferred to recipient cells. Extracellular vesicles mediate cell-to-cell communication in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Therefore, studying the role of circulating and urinary extracellular vesicles in hypertension has the potential to identify novel noninvasive biomarkers and therapeutic targets of different hypertension phenotypes. This review discusses the classification and biogenesis of three EV subcategories (exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies) and provides a summary of recent discoveries in the potential impact of extracellular vesicles on hypertension with a specific focus on their role in the blood pressure regulation by organs—artery and kidney, as well as renin-angiotensin-system.

高血压影响全球约 11.3 亿成年人，是全球心血管、脑血管和肾脏疾病的主要危险因素。有新的证据表明细胞外囊泡参与了高血压的发生和进展。细胞外囊泡是由几乎所有类型的真核细胞释放的膜封闭结构。在它们的形成过程中，细胞外囊泡结合了各种亲本细胞成分，包括可以转移到受体细胞的蛋白质、脂质和核酸。细胞外囊泡在多种生理和病理生理过程中介导细胞间通讯。所以，研究循环和尿细胞外囊泡在高血压中的作用有可能确定不同高血压表型的新型非侵入性生物标志物和治疗靶点。本综述讨论了三个 EV 亚类（外泌体、微泡和凋亡小体）的分类和生物发生，并总结了最近发现的细胞外囊泡对高血压的潜在影响，特别关注它们在器官调节血压中的作用——动脉和肾脏，以及肾素-血管紧张素系统。