Monitoring the provision of multiple ecosystem services (ES) in social-ecological systems is a major challenge. Most tools usually tackle the problem by modelling individual ES, but do not perform a holistic analysis of a dynamic and integrated system. We developed a discrete-event model (DORIAN) and explored its potential for assessing biodiversity and multifunctionality of a mountain ski resort subjected to a changing climate. We represented this social-ecological system as a network comprising 16 binary components and 51 processes that define component interactions. We identified 22 economy- and ecology-related ES, depending on the presence/absence of components. We simulated six scenarios representing different economic, environmental and climatic situations and calculated a score (the sum of proxies for biodiversity or ES), corresponding to the level of biodiversity and multifunctionality. Results showed that climate change reduced the system’s multifunctionality and increased the number of degraded states, as well as the trajectories from healthy to degraded states. With increasing levels of biodiversity, only ecology-related ES were boosted at low biodiversity levels, while both high levels of ecology- and economy-related ES were maintained at high biodiversity levels. This result demonstrates the importance of conserving high biodiversity in a social ecological system, for an optimal “biodiversity – multifunctionality” win-win strategy.

监测社会生态系统中多种生态系统服务的提供是一项重大挑战。大多数工具通常通过对单个ES建模来解决该问题，但是不对动态和集成的系统进行整体分析。我们开发了离散事件模型（DORIAN），并探讨了其在评估气候变化的高山滑雪胜地的生物多样性和多功能性方面的潜力。我们将这个社会生态系统表示为一个包含16个二进制组件和51个定义组件交互的过程的网络。根据组件的存在/不存在，我们确定了22种与经济和生态相关的ES。我们模拟了代表不同经济，环境和气候状况的六个方案，并计算了一个分数（生物多样性或生态系统代理的总和），该分数对应于生物多样性和多功能性的水平。结果表明，气候变化降低了系统的多功能性，并增加了退化状态的数量以及从健康状态到退化状态的轨迹。随着生物多样性水平的提高，在低生物多样性水平下，只有生态相关的生态系统得到了促进，而在高生物多样性水平下，与生态和经济相关的生态系统都保持了较高水平。这一结果表明，在社会生态系统中保护高度生物多样性对于实现最佳的“生物多样性-多功能”双赢战略至关重要。