Maintaining functional green infrastructures (GIs) require evidence-based knowledge about historic and current states and trends of representative land cover types. We address: (1) the long-term loss and transformation of potential natural forest vegetation; (2) the effects of site productivity on permanent forest loss and emergence of traditional cultural landscapes; (3) the current management intensity; and (4) the social-ecological contexts conducive to GI maintenance . We selected 16 case study regions, each with a local hotspot landscape, ranging from intact forest landscapes, via contiguous and fragmented forest covers, to severe forest loss. Quantitative open access data were used to estimate (i) the historic change and (ii) transformation of land covers, and (iii) compare the forest canopy loss from 2000 to 2018. Qualitative narratives about each hotspot landscape were analysed for similarities (iv). While the potential natural forest vegetation cover in the 16 case study regions had a mean of 86%, historically it has been reduced to 34%. Higher site productivity coincided with transformation to non-forest land covers. The mean annual forest canopy loss for 2000–2018 ranged from 0.01 to 1.08%. The 16 case studies represented five distinct social-ecological contexts (1) radical transformation of landscapes, (2) abuse of protected area concepts, (3) ancient cultural landscapes (4) multi-functional forests, and (5) intensive even-aged forest management, of which 1 and 4 was most common. GIs encompass both forest naturalness and traditional cultural landscapes. Our review of Pan-European regions and landscapes revealed similarities in seemingly different contexts, which can support knowledge production and learning about how to sustain GIs.

中文翻译：

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维护整个欧洲的自然和传统文化绿色基础设施：从历史和当前的景观转变中学习

维护功能性绿色基础设施 (GI) 需要关于代表性土地覆盖类型的历史和当前状态以及趋势的循证知识。我们解决：（1）潜在天然森林植被的长期损失和转化；(2) 场地生产力对永久性森林丧失和传统文化景观出现的影响；(3) 目前的管理强度；(4) 有利于地理标志维护的社会生态环境。我们选择了 16 个案例研究区域，每个区域都有一个当地的热点景观，从完整的森林景观，到连续和零散的森林覆盖，到严重的森林损失。定量开放获取数据用于估计 (i) 历史变化和 (ii) 土地覆盖的转变，以及 (iii) 比较 2000 年至 2018 年的森林冠层损失。分析了关于每个热点景观的定性叙述的相似性 (iv)。虽然 16 个案例研究区域的潜在天然森林植被覆盖率平均为 86%，但历史上已降至 34%。更高的场地生产力与向非森林土地覆盖的转变相吻合。2000-2018 年的年均森林冠层损失范围为 0.01% 至 1.08%。16 个案例研究代表了五种不同的社会生态背景 (1) 景观的根本转变，(2) 保护区概念的滥用，(3) 古代文化景观 (4) 多功能森林，以及 (5) 密集的偶龄森林管理，其中 1 和 4 最为常见。地理标志包括森林自然和传统文化景观。