In recent years, biometrics (e.g., fingerprint or face recognition) has replaced traditional passwords and PINs as a widely used method for user authentication, particularly in personal or mobile devices. Differing from state-of-the-art biometrics, heart biometrics offer the advantages of liveness detection, which provides strong tolerance to spoofing attacks. To date, several authentication methods primarily focusing on electrocardiogram (ECG) have demonstrated remarkable success; however, the degree of exploration with other cardiac signals is still limited. To this end, we discuss the challenges in various cardiac domains and propose future prospectives for developing effective heart biometrics systems in real-world applications.

中文翻译：

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心脏生物识别调查

近年来，生物特征（例如，指纹或面部识别）已取代传统的密码和 PIN，成为广泛使用的用户身份验证方法，尤其是在个人或移动设备中。与最先进的生物识别技术不同，心脏生物识别技术具有活体检测的优势，对欺骗攻击具有很强的耐受性。迄今为止，几种主要关注心电图 (ECG) 的身份验证方法已取得显著成功。然而，对其他心脏信号的探索程度仍然有限​​。为此，我们讨论了各种心脏领域的挑战，并提出了在实际应用中开发有效心脏生物识别系统的未来前景。