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Phylogenomics of the Epigenetic Toolkit Reveals Punctate Retention of Genes across Eukaryotes
Genome Biology and Evolution ( IF 3.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-13 , DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa198
Agnes K M Weiner 1 , Mario A Cerón-Romero 1, 2 , Ying Yan 1 , Laura A Katz 1, 2
Affiliation  

Epigenetic processes in eukaryotes play important roles through regulation of gene expression, chromatin structure, and genome rearrangements. The roles of chromatin modification (e.g., DNA methylation and histone modification) and non-protein-coding RNAs have been well studied in animals and plants. With the exception of a few model organisms (e.g., Saccharomyces and Plasmodium), much less is known about epigenetic toolkits across the remainder of the eukaryotic tree of life. Even with limited data, previous work suggested the existence of an ancient epigenetic toolkit in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. We use PhyloToL, our taxon-rich phylogenomic pipeline, to detect homologs of epigenetic genes and evaluate their macroevolutionary patterns among eukaryotes. In addition to data from GenBank, we increase taxon sampling from understudied clades of SAR (Stramenopila, Alveolata, and Rhizaria) and Amoebozoa by adding new single-cell transcriptomes from ciliates, foraminifera, and testate amoebae. We focus on 118 gene families, 94 involved in chromatin modification and 24 involved in non-protein-coding RNA processes based on the epigenetics literature. Our results indicate 1) the presence of a large number of epigenetic gene families in the last eukaryotic common ancestor; 2) differential conservation among major eukaryotic clades, with a notable paucity of genes within Excavata; and 3) punctate distribution of epigenetic gene families between species consistent with rapid evolution leading to gene loss. Together these data demonstrate the power of taxon-rich phylogenomic studies for illuminating evolutionary patterns at scales of >1 billion years of evolution and suggest that macroevolutionary phenomena, such as genome conflict, have shaped the evolution of the eukaryotic epigenetic toolkit.

中文翻译:

表观遗传工具包的系统基因组学揭示了真核生物中基因的点状保留

真核生物的表观遗传过程通过调节基因表达、染色质结构和基因组重排发挥重要作用。染色质修饰(例如,DNA 甲基化和组蛋白修饰)和非蛋白质编码 RNA 的作用已在动物和植物中得到充分研究。除了少数模式生物(例如,酵母菌疟原虫)),关于真核生命树其余部分的表观遗传工具包知之甚少。即使数据有限,先前的工作也表明在最后一个真核生物共同祖先中存在一个古老的表观遗传工具包。我们使用 PhyloToL,我们富含分类群的系统基因组管道,来检测表观遗传基因的同源物并评估它们在真核生物中的宏观进化模式。除了来自 GenBank 的数据外,我们还通过添加来自纤毛虫、有孔虫和有遗嘱变形虫的新单细胞转录组,增加了对 SAR(原生藻、肺泡藻和根瘤菌)和变形虫的未充分研究的进化枝的分类单元采样。我们关注 118 个基因家族,其中 94 个涉及染色质修饰,24 个涉及基于表观遗传学文献的非蛋白质编码 RNA 过程。我们的结果表明:1)在最后一个真核共同祖先中存在大量的表观遗传基因家族;2) 主要真核进化枝之间的差异保守性,Excavata 中的基因显着缺乏;3) 物种之间表观遗传基因家族的点状分布与导致基因丢失的快速进化一致。这些数据共同证明了富含分类群的系统发育研究在阐明超过 10 亿年进化规模的进化模式方面的力量,并表明宏观进化现象,如基因组冲突,已经塑造了真核表观遗传工具包的进化。3) 物种之间表观遗传基因家族的点状分布与导致基因丢失的快速进化一致。这些数据共同证明了富含分类群的系统基因组研究在阐明超过 10 亿年进化规模的进化模式方面的力量,并表明宏观进化现象,如基因组冲突,已经塑造了真核表观遗传工具包的进化。3) 物种之间表观遗传基因家族的点状分布与导致基因丢失的快速进化一致。这些数据共同证明了富含分类群的系统基因组研究在阐明超过 10 亿年进化规模的进化模式方面的力量,并表明宏观进化现象,如基因组冲突,已经塑造了真核表观遗传工具包的进化。
更新日期:2020-12-06
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