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The impact of errors in infant development: Falling like a baby
Developmental Science ( IF 3.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-12-05 , DOI: 10.1111/desc.13069 Danyang Han 1 , Karen E Adolph 1
Developmental Science ( IF 3.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-12-05 , DOI: 10.1111/desc.13069 Danyang Han 1 , Karen E Adolph 1
Affiliation
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What is the role of errors in infants' acquisition of basic skills such as walking, skills that require immense amounts of practice to become flexible and generative? Do infants change their behaviors based on negative feedback from errors, as suggested by “reinforcement learning” in artificial intelligence, or do errors go largely unmarked so that learning relies on positive feedback? We used falling as a model system to examine the impact of errors in infant development. We examined fall severity based on parent reports of prior falls and videos of 563 falls incurred by 138 13- to 19-month-old infants during free play in a laboratory playroom. Parent reports of notable falls were limited to 33% of infants and medical attention was limited to 2% of infants. Video-recorded falls were typically low-impact events. After falling during free play in the laboratory, infants rarely fussed (4% of falls), caregivers rarely showed concern (8% of falls), and infants were back at play within seconds. Impact forces were mitigated by infants' effective reactive behaviors, quick arrest of the fall before torso or head impact, and small body size. Moreover, falling did not alter infants' subsequent behavior. Infants were not deterred from locomotion or from interacting with the objects and elevations implicated in their falls. We propose that a system that discounts the impact of errors in early stages of development encourages infants to practice basic skills such as walking to the point of mastery.
中文翻译：
婴儿发育错误的影响：像婴儿一样跌倒
错误在婴儿获得基本技能（例如行走，这些需要大量练习才能变得灵活和富有创造力的技能）中扮演什么角色？婴儿是否会根据错误的负面反馈来改变自己的行为，正如人工智能中的“强化学习”所暗示的那样，还是错误基本上没有被标记，因此学习依赖于正面反馈？我们使用跌倒作为模型系统来检查错误对婴儿发育的影响。我们根据家长之前跌倒的报告以及 138 名 13 至 19 个月大的婴儿在实验室游戏室自由玩耍时发生的 563 次跌倒视频检查了跌倒的严重程度。家长报告的明显跌倒仅限于 33% 的婴儿，医疗护理仅限于 2% 的婴儿。视频记录的跌倒通常是低影响事件。在实验室自由玩耍时跌倒后，婴儿很少惊慌（跌倒的 4%），看护者很少表现出关心（跌倒的 8%），并且婴儿在几秒钟内就重新开始玩耍。婴儿有效的反应行为、在躯干或头部撞击之前快速停止跌倒以及较小的身体尺寸减轻了冲击力。此外，跌倒并不会改变婴儿随后的行为。婴儿的运动并没有受到阻碍，也没有受到与跌倒所涉及的物体和高地的互动的影响。我们建议建立一个消除早期发育阶段错误影响的系统，鼓励婴儿练习基本技能，例如步行直至掌握。
更新日期：2020-12-05
中文翻译：
婴儿发育错误的影响：像婴儿一样跌倒
错误在婴儿获得基本技能（例如行走，这些需要大量练习才能变得灵活和富有创造力的技能）中扮演什么角色？婴儿是否会根据错误的负面反馈来改变自己的行为，正如人工智能中的“强化学习”所暗示的那样，还是错误基本上没有被标记，因此学习依赖于正面反馈？我们使用跌倒作为模型系统来检查错误对婴儿发育的影响。我们根据家长之前跌倒的报告以及 138 名 13 至 19 个月大的婴儿在实验室游戏室自由玩耍时发生的 563 次跌倒视频检查了跌倒的严重程度。家长报告的明显跌倒仅限于 33% 的婴儿，医疗护理仅限于 2% 的婴儿。视频记录的跌倒通常是低影响事件。在实验室自由玩耍时跌倒后，婴儿很少惊慌（跌倒的 4%），看护者很少表现出关心（跌倒的 8%），并且婴儿在几秒钟内就重新开始玩耍。婴儿有效的反应行为、在躯干或头部撞击之前快速停止跌倒以及较小的身体尺寸减轻了冲击力。此外，跌倒并不会改变婴儿随后的行为。婴儿的运动并没有受到阻碍，也没有受到与跌倒所涉及的物体和高地的互动的影响。我们建议建立一个消除早期发育阶段错误影响的系统，鼓励婴儿练习基本技能，例如步行直至掌握。
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