Bombus terrestris is a bumblebee with a wide geographic range, with subspecies showing a variety of local adaptations. Global export of commercially-reared B. terrestris started in the 1980s; the bees are a mixture of subspecies bred for ease of rearing, bivoltinism and large nests. This paper investigated whether the increase in bivoltinism in UK resident B. terrestris audax populations was related to introgression with imported foreign subspecies. Workers were collected from wild populations in London and Bristol, as well as two commercial suppliers. Fourteen microsatellite loci were used to study population structure, hybridisation and introgression. No introgression with commercial B. t. dalmatinus was detected in wild populations. Hence, the increase in winter activity appears unrelated to introgression.

中文翻译：

---

与英国大黄蜂 Bombus terrestris audax 基因渗入无关的冬季活动

Bombus terrestris 是一种地理范围广泛的大黄蜂，其亚种表现出多种当地适应性。商业养殖的陆生 B. terrestris 的全球出口始于 1980 年代；蜜蜂是为便于饲养、双性蜂和大蜂巢而饲养的亚种的混合物。本文调查了英国居民 B. terrestris audax 种群中双伏化的增加是否与外来亚种的基因渗入有关。工人是从伦敦和布里斯托尔的野生种群以及两个商业供应商中收集的。十四个微卫星位点用于研究种群结构、杂交和基因渗入。没有与商业 B. t. 基因渗入。在野生种群中检测到 dalmatinus。因此，冬季活动的增加似乎与基因渗入无关。