The paper extends the literature on grade repetition in Brazil by (a) describing and synthesizing the main research findings and contributions since 1940, (b) enlarging the understanding of the inequity mechanism in education, and (c) providing new findings on the effects of the school socioeconomic composition and school proportion of repeaters on the individual probability of grade repetition. Based on the analyses of empirical distributions and multilevel logistic modelling of PISA 2012 data, the findings indicate that higher student socioeconomic status is associated with lower probability of repetition, there is a cumulative risk of repetition after an early repetition, the school socioeconomic composition is strongly correlated with the school proportion of repeaters, and both are related to the individual probability of repetition. The results suggest the existence of a pattern that cumulatively reinforces the effects of social disadvantage, in which the school plays a central role.

中文翻译：

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巴西的留级生的学校社会经济构成和学校比例与年级复读的相关性：2012年PISA的多层次物流模型

该论文通过（a）描述和综合自1940年以来的主要研究发现和贡献，（b）扩大了对教育不平等机制的理解，（c）提供了有关巴西成绩重复的文献的扩展，扩展了文献研究的成果。留级生的学校社会经济构成和学校比例对个人年级复读概率的影响。根据对PISA 2012数据的经验分布和多层次Logistic建模分析，发现表明，较高的学生社会经济地位与较低的重复概率相关，在早期重复之后存在重复的累积风险，学校的社会经济构成强烈与留级生的学校比例相关，两者都与个人留级的概率有关。