Liberalization pressures challenge countries to adapt their training systems. This is particularly relevant for coordinated market economies with firm-driven but collectively governed apprenticeship systems. Recent literature has identified different liberalization trajectories for these countries. For instance, segmentalism describes the increasing influence of large employers in Germany. In Denmark, state agencies manage increased flexibility in training through embedded flexibilization. In this paper, we identify a new form of embedded flexibilization, characterized by polite employer domination. We find this trajectory of liberalization in Switzerland, which represents another training system heavily based on firm involvement. We illustrate our argument with the example of short-track apprenticeship training, which has been expanded in all three mentioned countries in response to ongoing liberalization and deindustrialization pressures. In Switzerland, the relevant reform was initiated by the state while business adopted a rather passive role initially. Yet, state actors eventually stepped back and delegated key competences to employers, which implies that the employers’ camp asserted their interests in the end while tolerating some concessions for the benefit of disadvantaged groups. Our process tracing reveals that policy makers used layering to implement short-tracks that enhance social inclusion, while simultaneously increasing the scope of employer cooperation.

自由化的压力要求各国调整其培训制度。这对于具有公司驱动但受集体管理的学徒制的协调市场经济尤为重要。最近的文献为这些国家确定了不同的自由化轨迹。例如，分割主义描述了德国大型雇主日益增长的影响力。在丹麦，国家机构通过嵌入式灵活性来提高培训的灵活性。在本文中，我们确定了一种新的形式的嵌入式灵活性，其特征是礼貌的雇主主导。我们在瑞士发现了这种自由化的轨迹，这代表了另一种严重依赖企业参与的培训体系。我们以短程学徒训练为例说明我们的论点，为应对持续的自由化和去工业化压力，在上述三个国家中都扩大了这一范围。在瑞士，相关的改革是由国家发起的，而企业最初起着相当被动的作用。但是，国家行为者最终退后一步，将关键能力下放给了雇主，这意味着雇主营最终在维护自己利益的同时又容忍了一些让弱势群体受益的让步。我们的过程跟踪显示，决策者使用分层来实施短路径以增强社会包容性，同时扩大雇主合作的范围。相关改革是由国家发起的，而企业最初起着相当被动的作用。但是，国家行为者最终退后一步，将关键能力下放给了雇主，这意味着雇主营最终在维护自己利益的同时又容忍了一些让弱势群体受益的让步。我们的过程跟踪显示，决策者使用分层来实施短路径以增强社会包容性，同时扩大雇主合作的范围。相关改革是由国家发起的，而企业最初起着相当被动的作用。但是，国家行为者最终退后一步，将关键能力下放给了雇主，这意味着雇主营最终在维护自己利益的同时又容忍了一些让弱势群体受益的让步。我们的过程跟踪显示，决策者使用分层来实施短路径以增强社会包容性，同时扩大雇主合作的范围。