BackgroundPersonal security alarms have been used to try to reduce violence against healthcare staff, some of whose members face relatively high risks of assault. This systematic review focused on the effect of alarms in reducing the incidence and/or severity of assaults.MethodsElectronic databases, including Cochrane Library, Ovid MEDLINE(R); CINAHL Plus (EBSCO); PubMed; PsycINFO (OvidSP) PsycEXTRA; Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ProQuest) (1987 to current); Criminal Justice Abstracts (EBSCOhost); Psychology and Behavioural Science Collection (EBSCOhost); Social Policy and Practice (OvidSP) Sociological Abstracts; ProQuest theses and dissertations, were searched. Study designs eligible for inclusion were randomised controlled trials, interrupted time series and controlled before-after studies that assessed the impact of personal security alarms on assaults. Searches were undertaken for studies of healthcare staff in all settings (i.e. including staff working in confined spaces such as hospitals and also field personnel such as community health workers). Workplace violence between colleagues (lateral violence and bullying) and other uses of personal alarms (e.g. fall alarms for the elderly, domestic violence prevention) were excluded. Search results were screened by title, abstracts and keywords for possible inclusion. Full text reports for all potentially relevant studies were obtained and independently assessed for final inclusion. The primary outcome was physical assaults (recorded or self-reported). Secondary outcomes included increased confidence or self-efficacy in violence prevention (recorded or self-reported).Main resultsNo studies were found that met all inclusion criteria. Four reported associations of personal alarms (and other variables) with risks of assault in healthcare settings. These were described narratively.ConclusionsHealthcare workers in emergency departments, psychiatric units and geriatric facilities face much higher risks of assault than those in other healthcare settings. Alarm systems vary widely. Alarm systems form one of a range of measures, which may interact with one another, that are used to reduce the risks of assault. Given this complexity and diversity, prior to field trials EMMIE orientated efficacy trials are recommended to try to establish whether alarms can be introduced and operated in ways that can contribute to reducing assaults in specific high-risk settings. In relation to findings relating to any given intervention, EMMIE refers to effects produced, mechanisms activated to produce the effects, moderators or contexts relevant to the activation of mechanisms, implementation issues that arise, and economic costs and benefits.

中文翻译：

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个人安全警报，可防止对医护人员的袭击

背景技术个人安全警报已被用来减少针对医护人员的暴力，其中一些医护人员面临较高的袭击风险。这项系统的审查集中于警报在降低袭击发生率和/或严重性方面的作用。CINAHL Plus（EBSCO）；PubMed; PsycINFO（OvidSP）PsycEXTRA; 应用社会科学索引与摘要（ProQuest）（1987年至今）；刑事司法摘要（EBSCOhost）；心理学与行为科学馆藏（EBSCOhost）；社会政策与实践（OvidSP）社会学摘要；搜索了ProQuest的论文和学位论文。符合纳入条件的研究设计是随机对照试验，中断时间序列并进行前后可控的研究，评估个人安全警报对攻击的影响。在所有情况下都进行了研究以研究医护人员（即包括在密闭空间中工作的人员，例如医院，以及现场人员，例如社区卫生人员）。排除了同事之间的工作场所暴力（横向暴力和欺凌）以及其他使用个人警报器（例如，老人跌倒警报器，预防家庭暴力）的情况。通过标题，摘要和关键字对搜索结果进行筛选，以将其包括在内。获得了所有潜在相关研究的全文报告，并对其进行独立评估以最终纳入。主要结果是人身攻击（记录或自我报告）。次要结果包括提高对预防暴力的信心或自我效能（记录或自我报告）。主要结果未发现符合所有纳入标准的研究。四个报告的个人警报（和其他变量）与医疗机构遭受袭击风险的关联。这些都是叙述性的。结论急诊科，精神病科和老年医学机构的医护人员遭受袭击的风险比其他医疗机构要高得多。报警系统千差万别。警报系统构成了一系列措施之间的一种，这些措施可以相互影响，用于减少袭击的风险。鉴于这种复杂性和多样性，在进行现场试验之前，建议进行以EMMIE为导向的功效试验，以尝试确定是否可以以有助于减少特定高风险环境中的袭击的方式引入和操作警报。关于与任何给定干预措施相关的调查结果，EMMIE指产生的效果，为产生效果而激活的机制，与激活机制相关的主持人或环境，出现的实施问题以及经济成本和收益。